(Dr. McLachlin) (Unit B) Topic Note 9 (QUICK SUMMARY)) Flashcards
Glycogen Synthase
Allosteric Regulation in Skeletal Muscles
(Provide Explanation)
Activated:
* Glucose-6-Phosphate
There is an abundance of G6P to make glycogen with thus glycogen synthase is activated to make glycogen
Glycogen Synthase
Allosteric Regulation in Liver
(Provide Explanation)
Activated:
* Glucose-6-Phosphate
There is an abundance of G6P to make glycogen with thus glycogen synthase is activated to make glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Allosteric Regulation in Skeletal Muscles
(Provide Explanation)
Activated:
* AMP
Inhibited:
* ATP
* Glucose-6-Phosphate
- AMP: High levels of AMP signal low energy, thus glycogen is broken down to start glycolysis and make ATP
- ATP: High levels of ATP indicate high energy, meaning there is no reason to break down glycogen
- G6P: High levels of G6P indicate that there is no reason to break down glycogen
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Allosteric Regulation in Liver
(Provide explanation)
Inhibited:
* Glucose
Liver will break down glycogen to make glucose for blood, thus high levels of glucose in blood will prevent it from doing that
Activation/Deactivation
Glycogen synthase
- Activated: Dephosphorylated
- Deactivated: Phosphorylated
Activation/Deactivation:
Glycogen phosphorylase
- Activated: Phosphorylated
- Deactivated: Dephosphorylated
Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation
Hormones
Dephosphorylation:
* Liver: Insulin
* Muscle: Insulin
Phosphorylation:
* Liver: Glucagon, epinephrine
* Muscle: Epinephrine
Regulation of Phosphofructokinase
(Provide explanation)
Activated:
* AMP, ADP, Pi
* Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Inactivated:
* Citrate
* ATP
- AMP, ADP, Pi: Indicates the lack of energy and thus the requirement of glycolysis
- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate: High levels caused by insulin, triggering glycolysis
- Citrate: In CAC after glycolysis, high levels mean there is no need for glycolysis
- ATP: There is enough energy, no need for glycolysis
In fermentation reactions (lactate or ethanol), is ATP made during the conversion of pyruvate?
(Explain)
No
* ATP is only made during the conversion of Glucose to Pyruvate
* NADH is converted to NAD+ and H during pyruvate conversion to lactate/ethanol
What can be used for gluconeogenesis?
- Some amino acids
- CAC intermediates
- Lactate
- Pyruvate
- Oxaloacetate
Regulation of Fructose bisphosphatase
(Explain)
Inhibited:
* AMP
* Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
- AMP:The lack of energy means that glucose should be used for glycolysis
- F-2,6-P: High levels indicate insulin is released, meaning that glucose should be broken down
Net Reactions:
Glycolysis
Reactants:
* Glucose
* 2 ADP
* 2 Pi
* 2 NAD+
Products:
* 2 Pyruvate
* 2 ATP
* 2 NADH
Net Reactions:
Lactate Fermentation
Reactants:
* Glucose
* 2 ADP
* 2 Pi
Products:
* 2 Lactate
* 2 ATP
WARNING: ATP is NOT made during pyruvate conversion to lactate, it is made during glucose conversion to pyruvate
Net Reactions:
Ethanol Fermentation
Reactants:
* Glucose
* 2 ADP
* 2 Pi
Products:
* 2 Ethanol
* 2 CO2
* 2 ATP
WARNING: ATP is NOT produced during pyruvate conversion to ethanol, it is produced during glucose conversion to pyruvate
Net Reactions:
Gluconeogenesis
(Using pyruvate)
Reactants:
* 2 pyruvate
* 4 ATP
* 2 GTP
* 2 NADH
Products:
* Glucose
* 4 ADP
* 2 GDP
* 6 Pi
* 2 NAD+
