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PHARMACOLOGY (2nd year) > DR. MABANAG - GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY > Flashcards

DR. MABANAG - GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY Flashcards

1
Q

one of the most commonly used and misused drugs.

A

Antimicrobials Agents

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2
Q

chemical agents or drugs that are selectively toxic to the causative agent of the disease such as virus, bacterium, or other organism.

A

Chemotherapeutic agents

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3
Q

antibacterial substances produced by various aspects of organisms like bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes that suppress the growth of other microorganisms.

A

Antibiotic agents

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4
Q

DENGUE

A

Aedes aegypti

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5
Q

CHIKUNGUNYA

A

Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus.

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6
Q

aminoglycoside toxicity

A

OTOTOXIC
NEPHROTOXIC

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7
Q

more pronounced in the elderly than the middle-aged adult

A

aminoglycoside toxicity

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8
Q

bind avidly to developing teeth and bones

A

TETRACYCLINES

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9
Q

Filipinos are one of the fastest acetylators of anti-TB drugs.

A

ISONIAZID

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10
Q

MALE OR FEMALE

have higher ACE-2 receptors, so more COVID-19 virus attaches to male patients

A

MALES

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11
Q

neurotoxicity OF ______ and _______
correlates with increased CSF drug concentration
typically occurs in patients with decreased renal function who are given large doses.

A

Penicillin G
B-lactam antibiotics

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12
Q

are antibiotics effective in abscesses?

A

NO
Antimicrobial activity decreases significantly in pus which contains phagocytes, cellular debris, and proteins that can bind drugs or create conditions unfavorable to drug action.

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13
Q

Some antibiotics ________ in low pH.
a. will work
b. wil not work

A

b. will not work

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14
Q

treatment of Urinary Tract Infection

A

FOSFOMYCIN

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15
Q

The location of the infection may dictate the
choice of drug and route of administration.

Brain infections -
Skin infections -

A

Brain infections - intravenous
Skin infections - topical or oral

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16
Q

the concentration of the drug that inhibits the growth of the bacteria.

A

MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration)

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17
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

● Beta-lactams
○ Penicillin
○ Cephalosporins
○ Carbapenems
● Bacitracin
● Cycloserine
● Vancomycin

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18
Q

Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis (30s or 50s ribosomal sites)

A

BACTERIOSTATIC
○ Chloramphenicol
○ Erythromycin
○ Clindamycin
○ Streptogramin
○ Linezolid
○ Lincosamides
○ Macrolides
○ Fusidic Acid

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19
Q

Inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis (30s or 50s ribosomal sites)

A

Agents that bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit and alter protein synthesis
BACTERICIDAL
○ Aminoglycosides
○ Tetracyclines

buy AT 30
CEL at 50

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20
Q

inhibits RNA polymerase

A

Rifamycin
○ Rifampicin/ Rifampin
○ Rifabutin

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21
Q

inhibits topoisomerase

A

Quinolones
○ Fluoroquinolones

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22
Q

inhibits DNA synthesis

A

Metronidazole

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23
Q

● Agents that act directly on the cell membrane, increasing permeability
● Leads to leakage in intracellular compounds

A

P-I-P
○ Polypeptides
○ Imidazoles
○ Polyene antibiotics

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24
Q

○ Polymyxin
○ Poly antifungal agents (such as Nystatin, Amphotericin B, which binds to cell wall sterols)
○ Lipopeptide Daptomycin

A

DETERGENTS

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25
Q

Block enzymes of folate metabolites

A

○ Trimethoprim
○ Sulfonamides

26
Q

● Beta lactams
● Aminoglycosides
● Vancomycin
● Polypeptides
● Metronidazole
● Quinolones
● Rifampicin
● Isoniazid

A

Cidal (Bactericidal)

27
Q

Primary Static (Bacteriostatic)

A

CMELTTS

● Chloramphenicol
● Macrolides
● Ethambutol
● Lincosamides
● Tetracyclines
● Trimethoprim
● Sulfonamides

28
Q

Giving of antimicrobial before actual identification or isolation of infecting microorganism.

A

EMPIRIC THERAPY

29
Q

An ultimate goal in administering a drug. As much as possible, the side effects or adverse effects that are usually seen in antimicrobial treatment should be avoided.

A

SELECTIVE TOXICITY

30
Q

affects 70S ribosomes

A

CHLORAMPENICOL

31
Q

inhibit bacterial FA (folic acid) synthesis

A

SULFONAMIDES

32
Q

Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after limited exposure to the antimicrobial agent (even if you stop giving the antibiotic).

A

POST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECT (PAE)

33
Q

Giving of antimicrobial drugs to a healthy person exposed to an infectious agent to prevent that person from acquiring the infection.

A

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

34
Q

prophylaxis against leptospirosis

A

DOXYCYCLINE

35
Q

Use of antimicrobial compounds to prevent infections remains controversial in numerous situations.

A

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

36
Q

used to protect healthy persons from acquisition of or invasion by specific microorganisms to which they are exposed.

A

PROPHYLAXIS

37
Q

to prevent meningococcal meningitis in people who are in close contact with case

A

RIFAMPIN

38
Q

Prevention of gonorrhea or syphilis after
contact with an infected person

A

Ceftriaxone penicillin

39
Q

prevent recurrent UTI caused by E. coli

A

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole)

40
Q

prevent a variety of infections in patients undergoing organ transplant or receiving cancer chemotherapy.

A

ORAL FLUROQUINOLONE

41
Q

Immunoprophylaxis
Immediate protection
long term protection

A

Immediate protection - PASSIVE (RABIES)
long term protection - ACTIVE (TETANUS TOXOID, COVID)

42
Q

The simultaneous use of 2 or more antimicrobial agents is recommended in specifically defined situations based on pharmacological rationale, however selection of an appropriate combination

A

ANTIMICROBIAL COMBINATION

43
Q

Enhance effect of drug

Vancomycin + aminoglycoside

A

SYNERGY

44
Q

When antibiotics are combined, the antimicrobial coverage is broader.

● Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole
(Co-trimoxazole)
● Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid

A

Extended Antimicrobial Spectrum

45
Q

use decrease
toxicity

A

Aminoglycosides + Penicillin

46
Q

Beta Lactams and Aminoglycosides
● E.g. Staphylococcus produces beta-lactamases which inhibit penicillin.

A

Enzymatic Inactivation or Modification

47
Q

Altered Target Site: Decreased Affinity of the drug to the offending organism

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci

48
Q

Altered Permeability of Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Beta Lactams and Fluoroquinolones
● Especially for beta-lactamases, cephalosporins

49
Q

Alternate Pathway Bypassing Antimicrobial Action

A

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

50
Q

TOOTH DISCOLORATION

A

tetracyclines

51
Q

HEARING LOSS

A

aminoglycosides

52
Q

NEPHROTOXICITY

A

aminoglycosides

53
Q

These are indications for the clinical use of antimicrobial combinations, except:
a. Mixed infections
b. Severe infections of which the cause is
known
c. Enhancement of antibacterial activity in
specific infections
d. Prevention of the emergence of resistant
strains

A

b. Severe infections of which the cause is
known

54
Q

T/F. Prophylaxis cannot be used to protect healthy
persons from acquisition of or invasion by specific
microorganisms to which they are exposed.

A

FALSE

55
Q

This antimicrobial combination is recommended to
decrease toxicity.
a. Co-trimoxazole
b. Vancomycin + Ceftriaxone
c. Aminoglycosides + Penicillin
d. Amoxicillin + Penicillin

A

c. Aminoglycosides + Penicillin

56
Q

What adverse events are caused by aminoglycosides?
a. Nephrotoxicity
b. Impaired hearing
c. Both
d. None

A

C. BOTH

57
Q

T/F. For an antibiotic to be effective, it must reach its target in an inactive form.

A

FALSE

58
Q

The following drugs inhibit protein synthesis at various sites, except:
a. Fusidic acid
b. Aminoglycosides
c. Chloramphenicol
d. Monobactams

A

D.MONOBACTAMS

59
Q

The following are host susceptibility factors, except:
a. Age
b. Culture sensitivity
c. Genetics
d. General Health

A

B. CULTURE SENSITIVITY

60
Q

This refers to the ability of the microbe to cause infection
a. Virulence factors
b. Selective toxicity
c. Infectivity
d. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

A

C. INFECTIVITY

61
Q

Administration of this drug can prevent meningococcal meningitis
A. Co-trimoxazole
B.Ceftriaxone
C. Rifampin
D. Fluoroquinolones

A

C. RIFAMPIN

62
Q

T/F.
abscesses because their activity is increased in the presence of pus, which contains proteins that increase the binding capacity of drugs.

A

FALSE

PHARMACOLOGY (2nd year) (18 decks)

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