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MBB161 - Done > Dr Johnson - Done > Flashcards

Dr Johnson - Done Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of anabolism?

A

the non-spontaneous production of a molecule

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2
Q

What is the meaning of catabolism?

A

the spontaneous break down of a molecule

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3
Q

what is the meaning of the term redox?

A

the simultaneous oxidation and reduction

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4
Q

What enzyme catalyses the production of Glucose-6-Phosphate?

A

hexokinase

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5
Q

What substrate is added with glucose in step 1 of glycolysis?

A

ATP

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6
Q

what product is formed in step 2 of glycolysis?

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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7
Q

what enzyme catalyses the production of fructose-6-phosphate?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

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8
Q

what is produced in step 3 of glycolysis?

A

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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9
Q

what substrate is added in step 3 of glycolysis?

A

ATP

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10
Q

what enzyme catalyses the production of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

phosphofructokinase

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11
Q

what is produced from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in step 4 of glycolysis?

A

GADP and DHAP

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12
Q

What catalyses the splitting of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

aldolase

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13
Q

What is produced from the GADP produced in steps 4/5 of glycolysis?

A

1,3-biphosphoglycerate

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14
Q

What is the first energy yielding reaction in glycolysis and how is the energy stored?

A

Step 6, production of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, NADH/H+

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15
Q

Why is a phosphate added to GADP to form 1,3-biphosphoglycerate?

A

To increase the phosphoryl transfer potential

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16
Q

What is catalysed the production of 3-phosphoglcyerate?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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17
Q

How is ATP produced in step 6 of glycolysis?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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18
Q

what is produced from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate in glycolysis?

A

3-phosphoglcyerate and ATP

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19
Q

What is produced from 3-phosphoglycerate in step 8 of glycolysis?

A

2-phosphoglcyerate

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20
Q

What enzyme catalyses the production of 2-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

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21
Q

Why is 3-phosphoglycerate converted to 2-phosphoglycerate?

A

Increases phosphoryl transfer potential

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22
Q

What is 2-phosphoglycerate broken down into in glycolysis?

A

Phosphophenolpyruvate and water

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23
Q

What catalyses the production of phosphophenolpyrulvte?

A

enolase

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24
Q

why is phosphophenolpyruvate produced in step 9 of glycolysis?

A

Increases phosphoryl transfer potential

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25
Q

What is the final step of glycolysis?

A

Production of Pyrucate and ATP from Phosphophenolpyruvate

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26
Q

What enzyme catalyses the final step of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase

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27
Q

Why do cancer cells acidify the surrounding environment?

A

damages cells around it resulting in tumour invasion

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28
Q

why do cancer cells grow without oxygen?

A

the blood vessels develop slower meaning their growth is not restricted?

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29
Q

How can the Warburg Effect be used to visualise cancer cells?

A

FDG is a glucose analogue so is brought to highly respiring cells

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30
Q

What is the end product of fermentation in the muscle cells?

A

2 lactate molecules per glucose

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31
Q

What is the end product of fermentation in yeast cells?

A

ethanol and CO2

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32
Q

when does fermentation take place?

A

when O2 is not available as the terminal electron acceptor

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33
Q

What is the main advantage of complexing a group of enzymes?

A

prevents side reactions
minimises distance
increase substrate channeling

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34
Q

What is does pyruvate react with in step one of the link reaction?

A

TTP to form hydroxyethyl TTP and CO2

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35
Q

What does hydroxyethyl TTP bind to in the second step of the link reaction?

A

Lipoamide to form Acetyl-dihydrolipoamide

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36
Q

In step 2 what is formed from Acetyl-dihydrolipoamide?

A

forms reduced lipoamide and acetyl CoA

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37
Q

what electron carrier is directly reduced by the reduced lipoamide molecule?

A

FADH to FADH2

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38
Q

What is the final electron acceptor for the link reaction?

A

NAD+ to NADH/H+

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39
Q

Why does fatty acid oxidation result in more energy/more ATP being produced?

A

Fatty acids are more reduced and therefore can be oxidised more

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40
Q

What are the products made in Fatty acid oxidation?

A

CoA, FADH2, NADH/H+

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41
Q

What type substrates join in step 1 if the CAC?

A

Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA

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42
Q

What catalyses the formation of citrate in the CAC?

A

Citrate synthase

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43
Q

What is produced in step 2 of the CAC?

A

isocitrate

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44
Q

What catalyses the production of isocitarte from citrate?

A

Aconitase

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45
Q

What occurs in the reaction to form isocitarate

A

Water is removed and then added back again

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46
Q

What is made after isocitrate in the CAC?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

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47
Q

What molecules are produced along with alpha-ketoglutarate?

A

NADH/H+ and CO2

48
Q

What enzyme catalyses the production of alpha-ketoglutarate?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

49
Q

What compound is added to alpha ketoglutarate to form succinyl CoA?

A

CoA

50
Q

What compounds are made along with succinyl CoA?

A

NADH/H+ and CO2

51
Q

What enzyme catalyses the production of succinyl CoA?

A

oxoglutarate dehydrogenase

52
Q

Why is the production of succinyl CoA favourable?

A

It is an oxidation reaction

53
Q

What does Succinyl CoA react with to form Succinate?

A

ADP, H2O and Pi

54
Q

What by products are made by Succinate is formed?

A

ATP and CoA

55
Q

What enzyme catalyses the production of succinate?

A

Succinyl CoA synthase

56
Q

succinate combines with what molecules to produce fumurate and a by-product?

A

FAD

57
Q

what enzyme catalyses the production of fumurate from succinate?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

58
Q

Why is FADH2 produced when fumurate is made form succinate and not NADH/H+?

A

The energy released is not enough to couple the reduction of NAD

59
Q

what is added to fumurate to form malate?

A

H2O

60
Q

what enzyme catalyses the production of malate?

A

fumurase

61
Q

what is the final step in the CAC?

A

Malate +NAD+ -> oxaloacetate +NADH/H+

62
Q

what enzyme catalyses the production of oxaloacetate?

A

malate dehydrogenase

63
Q

What was the main indicator that the CAC was in fact a cycle?

A

Many of the substrates are poisons

64
Q

What is the role of KOH in the Warburg manometer?

A

absorbs CO2

65
Q

What happens to the pressure in the flask of the Warburg Manometer as respiration takes place?

A

It increases

66
Q

Which molecule is oxidised first in the G3P shuttle?

A

NADH/H+

67
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the G3P shuttle?

A

Ubiquinone

68
Q

What is the aim of the G3P shuttle?

A

allows high rate of oxidative phosphorylation as cytoplasmic NAD+ is made

69
Q

What is the aim of the Malate-Asparatate shuttle?

A

Produce NADH/H+ in the mitochondrial matrix

70
Q

How could you describe the protein channels used in the Malate-Aspartate shuttle?

A

Antiports

71
Q

What does malate move into the matrix in return for?

A

alpha-ketoglutarate

72
Q

What does aspirate move into the cytosol in exchange for?

A

glutamate

73
Q

What is the name of the inner most region of the mitochondria?

A

matrix

74
Q

What is the name of the infolding membrane structures in the mitochondria?

A

cristae

75
Q

What gradient is formed across the mitochondrial inner membrane?

A

Proton gradient

76
Q

Why is the proton gradient produced in the mitochondria?

A

to allow the production of ATP

77
Q

What is the best way to describe the electron transport chain?

A

downhill flow of electrons in energetically favourable redox reactions

78
Q

If an electron potential is more negative, what does this mean about the substance?

A

it is more likely to donate electrons

79
Q

if an electron potential is more positive. what does this mean about the substance?

A

It is more likely to accept electrons

80
Q

What concentration should the compounds be in when measuring redox potentials?

A

Equimolar, equal parts of reduced and oxidised

81
Q

For a standard redox potential, what are the conditions in the Hydrogen half cell?

A

1 atm H2, 1M H+

82
Q

Why do we sometimes change the concentration in the hydrogen half cell when measuring redox potentials? What are the conditions changed to?

A

10^-7 M H+, physiological pH of the cell (pH=7)

83
Q

What is the function of the salt bridge when measuring redox potentials?

A

To allow ions to flow neutralising difference in charge

84
Q

What is the equation for free energy in terms of redox potential?

A

ΔG ̊= -nFΔE0

85
Q

In the equation for free energy in terms of redox potential, what does n stand for?

A

number of electrons

86
Q

In the equation free energy in terms of redox potential, what does F stand for?

A

Faraday constant

87
Q

Why is aerobic respiration only 54% efficient?

A

energy is lost through heat

88
Q

What classifies a protein as a flavoprotein?

A

uses FAD/FADH2 as a cofactor

89
Q

Do flavoproteins allow more or less H+ to be pumped into the inner membrane space?

A

fewer

90
Q

What complex do flavoprotein bypass?

A

Complex I

91
Q

What molecule is reduced by Flavoproteins?

A

Ubiquinone

92
Q

Which complex uses Flavin mononcleotide as a cofactor?

A

Complex I

93
Q

Where does Complex I gain the 2 electrons from in the ETC?

A

oxidation of NADH/H+ to NAD+

94
Q

How many protons are removed from the matrix by Complex I in the ETC

A

4 are directly pumped

2 are taken up to reduce UQ

95
Q

What molecules are used internally in complex I of the ETC to transport electrons?

A

FMN

Iron-sulfur complexes

96
Q

Which complex reoxidises the UQH2 produced by Complex I in the ETC?

A

Complex III

97
Q

How many protons are moved by Complex III of the ETC?

A

0 are directly pumped

4 are moved due to oxidation of 2 UQH2 molecules

98
Q

What molecules are reduced by the electrons produced by Complex III?

A

2 Cytochrome C molecules

1 Ubiquinone molecule

99
Q

How many protons are removed from the matrix by Complex III, and what are they used for?

A

2, they reduce UQ

100
Q

What complexes are used to channel electrons internally in Complex III?

A

Iron sulfur complexes

Haem groups

101
Q

What is the enzymatic name of complex II in the ETC?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

102
Q

What is produced when fumurate is formed from succinate by Complex II in the ETC?

A

2 FADH2

103
Q

What complexes are used to transport electrons in Complex II of the ETC?

A

Iron sulfur complexes and Haem groups

104
Q

What molecule does Complex IV of the ETC oxidise?

A

cytochrome c

105
Q

What groups transfer electron in Complex IV of the ETC?

A

Haem

106
Q

What is the fate of the electrons from the oxidised Cytochrome C in Complex IV of the ETC?

A

join with 2H+ from matrix and 1/2 O2 to form water

107
Q

Where does the energy come from in Complex IV of the ETC to allow direct pumping of 2H+?

A

Formation of water

108
Q

Who developed the chemiosomotic theory?

A

Mitchell

109
Q

What was the original hypothesis for the production of ATP before chemiosomsis?

A

A high energy intermediate

110
Q

What proton pump molecule was used to show chemiosomotic theory?

A

Bacteriorhodopsin

111
Q

How did Mitchell show that the proton gradient was needed for ATP production?

A

He put an uncoupler in to allow H+ movement and prevent the gradient from building up

112
Q

How does ATP synthase provide energy from the proton gradient present across the membrane?

A

protons with potential energy bind to the rotating ring structure allowing the transfer to mechanical/kinetic energy

113
Q

Why does the F1 head of ATP synthase change conformation?

A

The stalk is connected to the head and spins changing the confirmation of the Beta domains

114
Q

What is the O conformation of the Beta domain of ATP synthase?

A

change over between ATP release and ADP+Pi binding

115
Q

What is the L conformation of the Beta domain of ATP synthase?

A

production of ATP

116
Q

What is the T conformation of the Beta domain of ATP synthase?

A

ATP remains bound

117
Q

What is the equation for calculating the free energy using the membrane potential and PMF?

A 
Δp = Δψ - 2.3 RT/F ΔpH
ΔG = -nFΔp

MBB161 - Done (4 decks)

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