Dr Hogan Tutorials Flashcards
(25 cards)
How might Fe deficiency present in the hands?
Spooning of the fingers (Koilonychia)
What is the underlying cause of leukonychia?
Hypoalbuminea
How might a protein losing enteropathy present and what are some causes?
Leukonychia, peripheral oedema - only if loss can not be compensated for my increase production
Crohn’s disease
Tumours
Menetrier’s disease
Coeliac’s disease
Lymphatic disorders
What are 3 possible causes of anaemia in HIV?
Anaemia of chronic disease
Warm autoimmune anaemia
HART therapy suppression of RBC production
What type of CT should be performed in patients with suspected stroke? Why?
Non-contrast
New blood appears bright on non-contrast CT
What are the words macular and papular used to describe?
Whether a skin lesion is risen (papular) or flat (macular)
What are some causes of hypoalbuminaemia?
Liver failure
Protein losing enteropathies (albumin lost through GIT)
Extensive thermal burns
Protein deficiency - Kawsikors
Nephrotic kidney disease
What is antiphospholipid syndrome?
Is haemostatic disorder that manifests with recurrent venous or arterial thrombotic event and/or fetal loss
Laboratory abnormalities found are persistently elevated levels of antibodies directed against membrane anionic phospholipids
What are the stigmata of chronic liver disease?
Jaundice
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Palmar erythema
Leukonychia
Dupuytrens contracture
Clubbing
Caput medusae
Spider naevi
Gynaecomastia
Testicular atropy
Ascites
Asterixis
What are the 3 main sites of possible varices in portal hypertension?
Lower oesophagus
Rectum
Umbilicus
What are the 5 causes of a massive spleen?
Malaria
Visceral leishmaniasis aka Kalar Azar
Hairy cell leukaemia
CML
Mylofibrosis
What are two red flag questions to ask about for headache?
Is the headache present upon waking before moving
Is the headache associated with vomiting
What is the dose of adrenaline for anaphylaxis?
0.4mL (1:1000 preparation) or 4mL (1:10000 preparation) IV
Same doses for subcutaneous
What are four possible causes of delirium after surgery?
PE
Side effect of opioid
Sepsis
Alcohol withdrawal
How does B12 deficiency cause internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
Degradation of the mamilary bodies
How would a right sided internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) present on eye examination?
On glaze to the left;
R eye would fail to adduct
L eye would exhibit significant nystagmus
What are some causes of hypoalbuminaemia?
Deficient production: liver disease
Increased loss: nephritic disease, protein loss enteropathy
Nutrient deficiency: Kwashiorkor’s
What are some causes of warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
Primary: Idiopathic
Secondary: SLE
Lymphoproliferative disorders (CLL, lymphomas)
Drugs
Infections - HIV, CMV, EBV
What should be done when examining a caput medusae?
Check for direction of blood flow by occluding each end
How might you be able to differentiate septic shock from cardiogenic shock clinically?
The hands will be warm in septic shock due to peripheral vasodilation
What are the 3 major indications for dialysis?
Metabolite control
- acid/base
- urea
Fluid control
Control hyperkalaemia
What do the words petechia, purpura and ecchymosis refer to?
All are descriptions of the size of macule of blood under the skin
Petechia - pin point sized
Purpura is larger
Ecchymosis even larger
None of them blanche
What is Meniere’s Disease?
A condition of increase hydrostatic pressure in the inner ear endolymphatic system causing
- Fluctuating hearing loss
- Occasional vertigo
- Tinnitus
- Feeling of ear fullness
The cause is unknown
What is Bell Palsy?
The most common cause of unilateral facial paralysis
Unknown cause
