Dr Hogan Tutorials

Question 1

How might Fe deficiency present in the hands?

Answer 1

Spooning of the fingers (Koilonychia)

Question 1

What is the underlying cause of leukonychia?

Answer 1

Hypoalbuminea

Question 1

How might a protein losing enteropathy present and what are some causes?

Answer 1

Leukonychia, peripheral oedema - only if loss can not be compensated for my increase production

Crohn’s disease

Tumours

Menetrier’s disease

Coeliac’s disease

Lymphatic disorders

Question 1

What are 3 possible causes of anaemia in HIV?

Answer 1

Anaemia of chronic disease

Warm autoimmune anaemia

HART therapy suppression of RBC production

Question 1

What type of CT should be performed in patients with suspected stroke? Why?

Answer 1

Non-contrast

New blood appears bright on non-contrast CT

Question 3

What are the words macular and papular used to describe?

Answer 3

Whether a skin lesion is risen (papular) or flat (macular)

Question 4

What are some causes of hypoalbuminaemia?

Answer 4

Liver failure

Protein losing enteropathies (albumin lost through GIT)

Extensive thermal burns

Protein deficiency - Kawsikors

Nephrotic kidney disease

Question 6

What is antiphospholipid syndrome?

Answer 6

Is haemostatic disorder that manifests with recurrent venous or arterial thrombotic event and/or fetal loss

Laboratory abnormalities found are persistently elevated levels of antibodies directed against membrane anionic phospholipids

Question 7

What are the stigmata of chronic liver disease?

Answer 7

Jaundice

Hepatomegaly

Splenomegaly

Palmar erythema

Leukonychia

Dupuytrens contracture

Clubbing

Caput medusae

Spider naevi

Gynaecomastia

Testicular atropy

Ascites

Asterixis

Question 8

What are the 3 main sites of possible varices in portal hypertension?

Answer 8

Lower oesophagus

Rectum

Umbilicus

Question 9

What are the 5 causes of a massive spleen?

Answer 9

Malaria

Visceral leishmaniasis aka Kalar Azar

Hairy cell leukaemia

CML

Mylofibrosis

Question 10

What are two red flag questions to ask about for headache?

Answer 10

Is the headache present upon waking before moving

Is the headache associated with vomiting

Question 11

What is the dose of adrenaline for anaphylaxis?

Answer 11

0.4mL (1:1000 preparation) or 4mL (1:10000 preparation) IV

Same doses for subcutaneous

Question 13

What are four possible causes of delirium after surgery?

Answer 13

PE

Side effect of opioid

Sepsis

Alcohol withdrawal

Question 14

How does B12 deficiency cause internuclear ophthalmoplegia?

Answer 14

Degradation of the mamilary bodies

Question 16

How would a right sided internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) present on eye examination?

Answer 16

On glaze to the left;

R eye would fail to adduct

L eye would exhibit significant nystagmus

Question 18

What are some causes of hypoalbuminaemia?

Answer 18

Deficient production: liver disease

Increased loss: nephritic disease, protein loss enteropathy

Nutrient deficiency: Kwashiorkor’s

Question 19

What are some causes of warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

Answer 19

Primary: Idiopathic

Secondary: SLE

Lymphoproliferative disorders (CLL, lymphomas)

Drugs

Infections - HIV, CMV, EBV

Question 20

What should be done when examining a caput medusae?

Answer 20

Check for direction of blood flow by occluding each end

Question 20

How might you be able to differentiate septic shock from cardiogenic shock clinically?

Answer 20

The hands will be warm in septic shock due to peripheral vasodilation

Question 21

What are the 3 major indications for dialysis?

Answer 21

Metabolite control

• acid/base
• urea

Fluid control

Control hyperkalaemia

Question 22

What do the words petechia, purpura and ecchymosis refer to?

Answer 22

All are descriptions of the size of macule of blood under the skin

Petechia - pin point sized

Purpura is larger

Ecchymosis even larger

None of them blanche

Question 23

What is Meniere’s Disease?

Answer 23

A condition of increase hydrostatic pressure in the inner ear endolymphatic system causing

1. Fluctuating hearing loss
2. Occasional vertigo
3. Tinnitus
4. Feeling of ear fullness

The cause is unknown

Question 24

What is Bell Palsy?

Answer 24

The most common cause of unilateral facial paralysis

Unknown cause

Question 25

How do gout crystals appear on xray?

Answer 25

Radiolucent