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Endo/Repro: Week 3 > Downing: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Downing: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the exocrine fxn of the ovary?

A

Production of eggs (ova)

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2
Q

What are the endocrine fxns of the ovary?

A

(1) Estrogen production: by theca interna cells and granulosa cells
(2) Progesterone production: by corpus luteum (lutein cells)

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3
Q

What components form the suspension of the ovary?

A
  1. Mesovarium
  2. Peritoneal covering (simple cuboidal)
  3. Hilum (attachment site to the mesovarium, conduit for BV, N, L)
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4
Q

How many primary oocytes finish maturation/month?

A

ONE!

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5
Q

What stage is the secondary oocyte arrested in until fertilization?

A

metaphase II

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6
Q

What part of the follicle contains the primary oocyte in prophase I that is arrested until just before ovulation?

A

Primordial follicle

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7
Q

Where are follicular cells found? What receptors are found on follicular cells?

A

primordial follicles

FSH receptors

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8
Q

Twenty to fifty primordial follicles respond to FSH every cycle to form…

A

primary follicles

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9
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

follicular cells become columnar/stratified= granulosa cells

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10
Q

What are theca folliculi?

A

Stromal cells that surround the granulosa cell

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11
Q

What forms the zona pellucida? What is it?

A

Granulosa cells and oocyte> zona pellucida

gel like neutral glycoprotein

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12
Q

What happens in the primary follicle after menarche?

A

one follicle completes the developmental process and becomes the DOMINANT follicle and the rest undergo atresia

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13
Q

What characterizes secondary follicles?

A
  1. Primary oocyte still in prophase I
  2. antrum formation (liquor folliculi, FSH, inhibin proteins)
  3. granulosa cells surround the oocyte
  4. theca folliculi
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14
Q

How does the antrum develop?

A

begins as a small space between granulosa cells>

becomes confluent to form the antrum

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15
Q

What are the two distinct portions of the theca folliculi?

A
  1. theca interna (androgen production> androgen precursors, highly vascular)***
  2. theca externa (fusiform cells and collagen)
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16
Q

How long does total maturation of follicles take?

A

3 months

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17
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

(1) Follicle cells in direct contact with egg

(2) Cells are radially arranged around zona pellucida

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18
Q

When does the theca folliculi reach its greatest develoipment?

A

In mature follicles

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19
Q

What happens when the LH signals final maturation?

A

resumption of meiosis:
1o oocyte → 2o oocyte–> production of first polar body

**2o oocyte arrests at metaphase II
until fertilization

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20
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A 
LH surge>
granulosa and theca cells receptive>
one follicle responds>
meiosis I is completed>
1st polar body extrusion>
arrest at Met II>
stigma formation>
rupture and expulsion of cumulus mass>
ovum capture by oviductal fimbria
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21
Q

What is stigma formation and how does it lead to the release of the ovum?

A 
Follicular wall adjacent to tunica albuginea weakens>
Decreased blood flow>
Putative protease release>
rupture and expulsion of cumulus mass>
ovum capture by oviductal fimbria
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22
Q

What does FSH promote?

A

Granulosa cell growth and estrogen synthesis

Later it increases LH receptors, increasing the responsiveness of granulosa and theca interna cells to LH

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23
Q

What stimulates thecal cell growth and androgen production as well as progesterone production in granulosa cells?

A

LH

granulosa cells convert androgen to estrogen

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24
Q

What happens to the dominant follicle during every month?

A

Secretes estrogen>

Result is a LH (and FSH) surge that triggers ovulation

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25
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Temporary glandular structure derived from the RUPTURED FOLLICLE after ovulation

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26
Q

What two cell types are affected by the LH surge?

A
  1. Granulosa cells = increase in size, produce PROGESTERONE and continue to secrete estrogen (granulosa luteum)
  2. Theca interna = increases in size and form theca luteum (secrete progesterone and some estrogen)
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27
Q

How does the CL of preganancy differ from that of menstruation?

A

Pregnancy: formed after implantation>
becomes LARGER than CL of menstruation

Menstruation: forms after ovulation, lasts 14 days, if embryo doesn’t develop involutes and forms CORPORA ALBICANS

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28
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy?

A

HCG prodoced by trophoblasts

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29
Q

How long does the CL of pregnancy last?

A

persists during first trimester and involutes to reduced scar tissue

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30
Q

What produces estrogen?

A

Produced mainly by growing follicles (granulosa cells, convert androgen to estrogen) (high preovulatory levels)

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31
Q

What are the fxns of estrogen?

A

Induces maturation of female reproductive tract and mammary glands

Directs repair of uterus following menstruation

Influences growth of mammary glands in pregnancy

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32
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

corpus luteum

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33
Q

What are the fxn of progesterone?

A

Causes uterine glands to secrete

Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum

Aids in growth of mammary gland

Inhibits uterine contractions

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34
Q

What produces relaxin?

A

CL and decidual cells

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35
Q

What are the actions of relaxin?

A

(1) Inhibits contractions by myometrium during pregnancy)
(2) Promotes dilatation of cervix (softens it)
(3) Loosens symphysis pubis (in some species)

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36
Q

Where is inhibin found and what does it do?

A

produced by granulosa cells

follicular fluid

NFB on FSH release

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37
Q

What are Atretic follicles?

A

Only 400 follicles reach maturity. The majority undergo involuntion = FOLLICULAR ATRESIA

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38
Q

What is the first and last part of the follicle to become atretic?

A

Ovum

degeneration of follicular cells follow

theca interna cells degrade last

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39
Q

What are the two zones of the ovary?

A

Medulla and cortex

40
Q

What are the two components of the cortex?

A

tunica albuginea (between epithelium and developing follicles)

41
Q

Where are follicles located in the ovary?

A

stroma

42
Q

What is the origin of primordial germ cells?

A

yolk sac, migrate to ovaries early on in fetal life

43
Q

How many eggs eventually mature and ovulate?

A

400-500

44
Q

What happens to primordial germ cells?

A

migrate to ovary in the first trimester and have 46 chromosomes, they’re surrounded by follicular cells which is the primordial follicle

45
Q

What happens in the third fetal month TO OOGONIA?

A

Oogonia enlarge>
become primary oocytes>
arrested in prophase I of first meitotic division (12-50 years)

*arrested in PRO

46
Q

What happens to the atretic follicle?

A

replaced by scar tissue

47
Q

Where is the oviduct located?

A

w/in the broad ligament

extends from ovary to uterus

48
Q

What are the divisions of the oviduct?

A

ampulla (infundibulum and fimbriae)–closest to ovary
isthmus
intramural segment- embedded in wall of uterus

49
Q

What part of the oviduct is characterized by elaborate branching folds, a large diameter, and a simple ciliated columnar epithlieum?

A

ampulla

  • beat of cilia moves eggs towards uterus
  • PEG cells= secretory cells between ciliated cells, provide nutrition to egg and sperm
50
Q

What stimulates ciliated cells?

A

estrogen

51
Q

What affects height and number of peg cells?

A

progesterone

estrogen stimulates secretory activity

52
Q

What part of the oviduct has fewer folds than the ampulla, reduced ciliated cells but active secretory cells?

A

isthmus

53
Q

What part of the oviduct has insignificant folds and no cilia?

A

intramural segment

54
Q

what is responsible for embryo transport through the isthmus during the lateral phase?

A

tubal peristalsis by the muscularis

55
Q

What causes oviduct dysfxn?

A

occlusion (scar tissue)
ectopic pregnancy
tubal ligation

56
Q

What are the three major layers of the uterus?

A

endometrium (mucosa)
myometrium (muscularis)
perimetrium (serosa)

57
Q

Describe the epithelium of the endometrium.

A

simple tubular glands
simple columnar
ciliated where glands open
cells in glands are SECRETORY w/ onset of progesterone production

58
Q

What underlies the epithelium?

A

LP

CELLULAR

59
Q

What are the two major zones of the endometrium?

A

basal layer

functional layer

60
Q

What is the outer most zone of the endometrium?

A 
basal layer
deepest
narrow
does NOT shed
RESPONSIBLE FOR REGENERATING FXNAL LAYER
61
Q

What are the subdivisions of the functional layer?

A
  1. superficial
    (narrow, shows little edema, contains straight portions of tubular glands)
  2. deep spongy layer
62
Q

What’s the broader zone of the functional layer that comprises the bulk of the endometrium? Is it edematous? How do the glands compare to those of the superficial layer?

A

deep spongy layer
edematous
glands are tortuous and have large lumens

63
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

mass of SMOOTH MUSCLE

64
Q

Which layer of the myometrium is vascular?

A

middle

65
Q

How is the myometrium hormone responsive?

A

muscle fibers:
shortest in first week after menstruation
longest in 4th week of cycle

66
Q

What happens to the myometrium during pregnancy?

A

hypertrophy (10x)

some hyperplasia

67
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

outer mesothelial lining

68
Q

Describe the blood supply to the uterus.

A

Uterine arteries>
arcuate arteries> spiral arteries > capillaries
straight arteries> capillaries

69
Q

Where are the uterine arteries?

A

broad ligament

70
Q

Where are the arcuate arteries?

A

myometrium

71
Q

Where are the spiral arteries?

A

functional layer

72
Q

Where are the straight arteries?

A

basal layer

73
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

29 days

74
Q

What is considered the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

first day of menstruation

75
Q

When is the proliferative phase?

A

day 7-14

76
Q

What induces the proliferative phase?

A

Begins at the end of menstrual flow, induced by ESTROGEN

77
Q

What is the proliferative phase dependent on?

A

estrogen (thecal output)

78
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the proliferative phase?

A

2-3x increase in endometrial thickness (functional layer)

d/t mitosis in glands and stormal cells

79
Q

What happens to the straight tubular glands during the proliferative phase?

A

increase in number and length

cells accumulate GLYCOGEN in basal portion

80
Q

When is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

days 15-26

81
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

Ovulation precipitates CL formation>
increase in PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN> thickening continues d/t edema (in stroma) and accumulation of nutritive materials

Coiled arteries elongate and extend into the superficial portion of the endometrium

82
Q

What is the premenstrual phase?

A

days 27-78

83
Q

What happens during the premenstrual phase?

A

If preg doesn’t occur>
CL begins regression and you get decreased steroid output (decreased progesterone/estrogen)

Reduced endometrial edema.

Anoxia induces tissue necrosis.

84
Q

What happens to coiled arteries during the premenstrual phase?

A

Coiled arteries constrict intermittently in response to the decline in progesterone and eventually constrict permanently.

Terminal portions DIE and the endometrium begins to detach.

Arterioles bleed directly into denuded areas

Leukocytic infiltration

85
Q

When is the menstrual phase?

A

days 1-4

86
Q

When is the repair phase?

A

days 5-6

87
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase?

A

Endometrium undergoes complete necrosis and is shed and you get venous seepage b/c blood can’t clot d/t FIBRINOLYSIN.

The denuded surface is re-epithelialized and coiled arteries begin regrowth

88
Q

Describe the mucosal epithelium of the cervix.

A

Simple columnar w/ branching glands that produce MUCOUS, some cells are ciliated w/ an ABRUPT TRANSITION to stratified sq nonk at the cervical os.

89
Q

What is significant about hte squamocolumnar jxn?

A

site where most precancerous lesions and carcinomas of the cervix develop

90
Q

What is cervical dilation (in late pregnancy) of the myometrium dependent on?

A

relaxin

collagenolysis

91
Q

Describe the mucosal epithelium of hte vagina.

A

stratfied sq non-k
cells become loaded w glycogen
ESTROGEN sensitive

92
Q

What happens to the vaginal mucosa during the follicular phase?

A

proliferation and hypertrophy of basal cells
glycogen uptake
exfolidated cells are eosinophilic

93
Q

What happens to the vaginal mucosa during the luteal phase?

A

decrease in epithelial height
exfoliated cells are basophilic
leukocytes appear and are shed into the lumen

94
Q

What forms the vaginal orifice?

A

striated fibers of bulbocavernosus muscles form a type of sphincter around the ostium of the vagina

95
Q

What creates a low ph in the vagina?

A

glycogen serves as a metabollite for lactobacilli>
lactic acid>
lowers pH>
restricts pathogenic invasion

96
Q

What nerve endings are found in the external genitalia?

A

Meissner’s corpusles (mons pubis and labia majora)

Pacinian corpuscles (deep layers of connective tissue–labia majora and eretile tissue)

Free nerve endings (skin of external genitalia)

Endo/Repro: Week 3 (5 decks)

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