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Endo/Repro: Week 3 > Downing: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Downing: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the exocrine fxn of the ovary?

A

Production of eggs (ova)

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2
Q

What are the endocrine fxns of the ovary?

A

(1) Estrogen production: by theca interna cells and granulosa cells
(2) Progesterone production: by corpus luteum (lutein cells)

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3
Q

What components form the suspension of the ovary?

A
  1. Mesovarium
  2. Peritoneal covering (simple cuboidal)
  3. Hilum (attachment site to the mesovarium, conduit for BV, N, L)
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4
Q

How many primary oocytes finish maturation/month?

A

ONE!

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5
Q

What stage is the secondary oocyte arrested in until fertilization?

A

metaphase II

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6
Q

What part of the follicle contains the primary oocyte in prophase I that is arrested until just before ovulation?

A

Primordial follicle

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7
Q

Where are follicular cells found? What receptors are found on follicular cells?

A

primordial follicles

FSH receptors

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8
Q

Twenty to fifty primordial follicles respond to FSH every cycle to form…

A

primary follicles

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9
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

follicular cells become columnar/stratified= granulosa cells

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10
Q

What are theca folliculi?

A

Stromal cells that surround the granulosa cell

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11
Q

What forms the zona pellucida? What is it?

A

Granulosa cells and oocyte> zona pellucida

gel like neutral glycoprotein

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12
Q

What happens in the primary follicle after menarche?

A

one follicle completes the developmental process and becomes the DOMINANT follicle and the rest undergo atresia

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13
Q

What characterizes secondary follicles?

A
  1. Primary oocyte still in prophase I
  2. antrum formation (liquor folliculi, FSH, inhibin proteins)
  3. granulosa cells surround the oocyte
  4. theca folliculi
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14
Q

How does the antrum develop?

A

begins as a small space between granulosa cells>

becomes confluent to form the antrum

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15
Q

What are the two distinct portions of the theca folliculi?

A
  1. theca interna (androgen production> androgen precursors, highly vascular)***
  2. theca externa (fusiform cells and collagen)
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16
Q

How long does total maturation of follicles take?

A

3 months

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17
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

(1) Follicle cells in direct contact with egg

(2) Cells are radially arranged around zona pellucida

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18
Q

When does the theca folliculi reach its greatest develoipment?

A

In mature follicles

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19
Q

What happens when the LH signals final maturation?

A

resumption of meiosis:
1o oocyte → 2o oocyte–> production of first polar body

**2o oocyte arrests at metaphase II
until fertilization

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20
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A 
LH surge>
granulosa and theca cells receptive>
one follicle responds>
meiosis I is completed>
1st polar body extrusion>
arrest at Met II>
stigma formation>
rupture and expulsion of cumulus mass>
ovum capture by oviductal fimbria
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21
Q

What is stigma formation and how does it lead to the release of the ovum?

A 
Follicular wall adjacent to tunica albuginea weakens>
Decreased blood flow>
Putative protease release>
rupture and expulsion of cumulus mass>
ovum capture by oviductal fimbria
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22
Q

What does FSH promote?

A

Granulosa cell growth and estrogen synthesis

Later it increases LH receptors, increasing the responsiveness of granulosa and theca interna cells to LH

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23
Q

What stimulates thecal cell growth and androgen production as well as progesterone production in granulosa cells?

A

LH

granulosa cells convert androgen to estrogen

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24
Q

What happens to the dominant follicle during every month?

A

Secretes estrogen>

Result is a LH (and FSH) surge that triggers ovulation

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25
What is the corpus luteum?
Temporary glandular structure derived from the RUPTURED FOLLICLE after ovulation
26
What two cell types are affected by the LH surge?
1. Granulosa cells = increase in size, produce PROGESTERONE and continue to secrete estrogen (granulosa luteum) 2. Theca interna = increases in size and form theca luteum (secrete progesterone and some estrogen)
27
How does the CL of preganancy differ from that of menstruation?
Pregnancy: formed after implantation> becomes LARGER than CL of menstruation Menstruation: forms after ovulation, lasts 14 days, if embryo doesn't develop involutes and forms CORPORA ALBICANS
28
What maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy?
HCG prodoced by trophoblasts
29
How long does the CL of pregnancy last?
persists during first trimester and involutes to reduced scar tissue
30
What produces estrogen?
Produced mainly by growing follicles (granulosa cells, convert androgen to estrogen) (high preovulatory levels)
31
What are the fxns of estrogen?
Induces maturation of female reproductive tract and mammary glands Directs repair of uterus following menstruation Influences growth of mammary glands in pregnancy
32
What produces progesterone?
corpus luteum
33
What are the fxn of progesterone?
Causes uterine glands to secrete Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum Aids in growth of mammary gland Inhibits uterine contractions
34
What produces relaxin?
CL and decidual cells
35
What are the actions of relaxin?
(1) Inhibits contractions by myometrium during pregnancy) (2) Promotes dilatation of cervix (softens it) (3) Loosens symphysis pubis (in some species)
36
Where is inhibin found and what does it do?
produced by granulosa cells follicular fluid NFB on FSH release
37
What are Atretic follicles?
Only 400 follicles reach maturity. The majority undergo involuntion = FOLLICULAR ATRESIA
38
What is the first and last part of the follicle to become atretic?
Ovum degeneration of follicular cells follow theca interna cells degrade last
39
What are the two zones of the ovary?
Medulla and cortex
40
What are the two components of the cortex?
tunica albuginea (between epithelium and developing follicles)
41
Where are follicles located in the ovary?
stroma
42
What is the origin of primordial germ cells?
yolk sac, migrate to ovaries early on in fetal life
43
How many eggs eventually mature and ovulate?
400-500
44
What happens to primordial germ cells?
migrate to ovary in the first trimester and have 46 chromosomes, they're surrounded by follicular cells which is the primordial follicle
45
What happens in the third fetal month TO OOGONIA?
Oogonia enlarge> become primary oocytes> arrested in prophase I of first meitotic division (12-50 years) *arrested in PRO
46
What happens to the atretic follicle?
replaced by scar tissue
47
Where is the oviduct located?
w/in the broad ligament | extends from ovary to uterus
48
What are the divisions of the oviduct?
ampulla (infundibulum and fimbriae)--closest to ovary isthmus intramural segment- embedded in wall of uterus
49
What part of the oviduct is characterized by elaborate branching folds, a large diameter, and a simple ciliated columnar epithlieum?
ampulla - beat of cilia moves eggs towards uterus - PEG cells= secretory cells between ciliated cells, provide nutrition to egg and sperm
50
What stimulates ciliated cells?
estrogen
51
What affects height and number of peg cells?
progesterone estrogen stimulates secretory activity
52
What part of the oviduct has fewer folds than the ampulla, reduced ciliated cells but active secretory cells?
isthmus
53
What part of the oviduct has insignificant folds and no cilia?
intramural segment
54
what is responsible for embryo transport through the isthmus during the lateral phase?
tubal peristalsis by the muscularis
55
What causes oviduct dysfxn?
occlusion (scar tissue) ectopic pregnancy tubal ligation
56
What are the three major layers of the uterus?
endometrium (mucosa) myometrium (muscularis) perimetrium (serosa)
57
Describe the epithelium of the endometrium.
simple tubular glands simple columnar ciliated where glands open cells in glands are SECRETORY w/ onset of progesterone production
58
What underlies the epithelium?
LP | CELLULAR
59
What are the two major zones of the endometrium?
basal layer | functional layer
60
What is the outer most zone of the endometrium?
``` basal layer deepest narrow does NOT shed RESPONSIBLE FOR REGENERATING FXNAL LAYER ```
61
What are the subdivisions of the functional layer?
1. superficial (narrow, shows little edema, contains straight portions of tubular glands) 2. deep spongy layer
62
What's the broader zone of the functional layer that comprises the bulk of the endometrium? Is it edematous? How do the glands compare to those of the superficial layer?
deep spongy layer edematous glands are tortuous and have large lumens
63
What is the myometrium?
mass of SMOOTH MUSCLE
64
Which layer of the myometrium is vascular?
middle
65
How is the myometrium hormone responsive?
muscle fibers: shortest in first week after menstruation longest in 4th week of cycle
66
What happens to the myometrium during pregnancy?
hypertrophy (10x) | some hyperplasia
67
What is the perimetrium?
outer mesothelial lining
68
Describe the blood supply to the uterus.
Uterine arteries> arcuate arteries> spiral arteries > capillaries straight arteries> capillaries
69
Where are the uterine arteries?
broad ligament
70
Where are the arcuate arteries?
myometrium
71
Where are the spiral arteries?
functional layer
72
Where are the straight arteries?
basal layer
73
How long is the average menstrual cycle?
29 days
74
What is considered the first day of the menstrual cycle?
first day of menstruation
75
When is the proliferative phase?
day 7-14
76
What induces the proliferative phase?
Begins at the end of menstrual flow, induced by ESTROGEN
77
What is the proliferative phase dependent on?
estrogen (thecal output)
78
What happens to the endometrium during the proliferative phase?
2-3x increase in endometrial thickness (functional layer) d/t mitosis in glands and stormal cells
79
What happens to the straight tubular glands during the proliferative phase?
increase in number and length | cells accumulate GLYCOGEN in basal portion
80
When is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
days 15-26
81
What happens during the secretory phase?
Ovulation precipitates CL formation> increase in PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGEN> thickening continues d/t edema (in stroma) and accumulation of nutritive materials Coiled arteries elongate and extend into the superficial portion of the endometrium
82
What is the premenstrual phase?
days 27-78
83
What happens during the premenstrual phase?
If preg doesn't occur> CL begins regression and you get decreased steroid output (decreased progesterone/estrogen) Reduced endometrial edema. Anoxia induces tissue necrosis.
84
What happens to coiled arteries during the premenstrual phase?
Coiled arteries constrict intermittently in response to the decline in progesterone and eventually constrict permanently. Terminal portions DIE and the endometrium begins to detach. Arterioles bleed directly into denuded areas Leukocytic infiltration
85
When is the menstrual phase?
days 1-4
86
When is the repair phase?
days 5-6
87
What happens during the menstrual phase?
Endometrium undergoes complete necrosis and is shed and you get venous seepage b/c blood can't clot d/t FIBRINOLYSIN. The denuded surface is re-epithelialized and coiled arteries begin regrowth
88
Describe the mucosal epithelium of the cervix.
Simple columnar w/ branching glands that produce MUCOUS, some cells are ciliated w/ an ABRUPT TRANSITION to stratified sq nonk at the cervical os.
89
What is significant about hte squamocolumnar jxn?
site where most precancerous lesions and carcinomas of the cervix develop
90
What is cervical dilation (in late pregnancy) of the myometrium dependent on?
relaxin | collagenolysis
91
Describe the mucosal epithelium of hte vagina.
stratfied sq non-k cells become loaded w glycogen ESTROGEN sensitive
92
What happens to the vaginal mucosa during the follicular phase?
proliferation and hypertrophy of basal cells glycogen uptake exfolidated cells are eosinophilic
93
What happens to the vaginal mucosa during the luteal phase?
decrease in epithelial height exfoliated cells are basophilic leukocytes appear and are shed into the lumen
94
What forms the vaginal orifice?
striated fibers of bulbocavernosus muscles form a type of sphincter around the ostium of the vagina
95
What creates a low ph in the vagina?
glycogen serves as a metabollite for lactobacilli> lactic acid> lowers pH> restricts pathogenic invasion
96
What nerve endings are found in the external genitalia?
Meissner's corpusles (mons pubis and labia majora) Pacinian corpuscles (deep layers of connective tissue--labia majora and eretile tissue) Free nerve endings (skin of external genitalia)

Endo/Repro: Week 3 (5 decks)

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