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Dougherty Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biomechanics

A
  • The Study of STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of Biological Systems by looking at the Statics, Dynamics, and the Mechanics of MATERIALS (What they’re like when Still, when in Motion, and how they Work TOGETHER)
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2
Q

We need Biomechanics to Undertand Human Physical Performance

A
  • How MOTIONS are Performed
  • How we Control Motion
  • How FORCES (Internal and External) affect the Human Body and Tissues
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3
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

A
  • First to study Anatomy in the context of Mechanics

- Analyze muscle forces as acting along points of attachment and Joint Function

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4
Q

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

A
  • Walking, Running, Jumping, Heart Action
  • CENTER of GRAVITY
  • Inspired and Expired AIR VOLUME
  • INSPIRATION is MUSCLE DRIVEN
  • EXPIRATION is due to TISSUE ELASTICITY
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5
Q

A.T. Still

A
  • Among other things, was a MILLWRIGHT and applied the PRINCIPLES of MECHANICS to HUMAN AFFLICTIONS
  • Millwright: A person who maintains and cares for Mechanical Equipment
    • This includes tasks such as LEVELING, ALIGNING, and INSTALLING Machinery on FOUNDATIONS or BASE PLATES and Setting, Leveling, and Aligning!
    • Their job requires a thorough KNOWLEDGE of the LOAD-BEARING CAPABILITIES of the EQUIPMENT they use!!!
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6
Q

Structure and Function

A

1) STRUCTURE: 3 Dimensional, Responsive to APPLIED FORCES in EACH DIMENSION
2) FUNCTION: Various STRUCTURES respond to FORCES APPLIED in DIFFERENT WAYS!!!

***There is an INTERCONNECTION between STRUCTURES!!!! (Core Element of Kinesiology)

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7
Q

Motion and Movement

A
  • MOTION is usually described in ONE BODY PLANE, however, SYNOVIAL JOINTS can have movement in ALL THREE PLANES (Trade off between Stability and ROM)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  • Joints are where we TRANSFER FORCE between BODY SEGMENTS
    1) Direction of MOVEMENT of the BODY SEGMENT is thus Defined by the STRUCTURE of the JOINTS between THEM!!!
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8
Q

Machines

A
  • Used to Increase MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE!!!!

FUNCTIONS:
1) Balance Multiple FORCES

2) Enhance FORCE in an ATTEMPT to REDUCE TOTAL FORCE needed to OVERCOME a RESISTANCE
3) Enhance RANGE of MOTION and SPEED of Movement so that RESISTANCE may be moved FURTHER or FASTER than APPLIED FORCE
4) ALTER resulting DIRECTION of the APPLIED FORCE

Three Types of Machines Seen in the Body:

1) LEVERS (Most Common)
- Torque and Length

2) WHEEL AXLES
- Function as a FORM of LEVER

3) PULLEYS
- Change effective DIRECTION of FORCE APPLICATION
- Ex: Knee Cap

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9
Q

Biomaterial are Classified into Two Groups

A

1) HARD
- BONE: Undergoes Mechanical Deformation and may be analyzed with the THEORY of LINEAR ELASTICITY

 ***WOLF'S LAW: Bone INCREASES where it is NEEDED and REABSORBED where it is NOT!!!!! (Heel Spur!!!!!)

2) SOFT
- Can undergo large deformations

  • Cartilage, Tendon, Muscle, Skin
    1) CARTILAGE wearing leads to STRUCTURAL DISRUPTION of Matrix: LOSES ELASTICITY. There is a LIMITED CAPACITY to REGENERATE/ REPAIR!!!!!!
    2) LIGAMENTS become STRONGER and STIFFER with REPEATED STRESS. They become WEAKER and LESS STIFF with a REDUCTION of STRESS!!!!!!
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10
Q

Breakdown of Levers

A

1) FIRST CLASS (Neck)
- AXIS (Fulcrum) is BETWEEN the FORCE and RESISTANCE

2) SECOND CLASS (Calf Raises)
- Axis is at one end, Force is at the Other: RESISTANCE is in the MIDDLE!!!!

  • FORCE and RESISTANCE move in the SAME DIRECTION!!!!!!!!

3) THIRD CLASS (Bicep Curl)
- Axis is at one END, Resistance is at the Other; FORCE is in the MIDDLE

  • FORCE and RESISTANCE move in the SAME DIRECTION!!!!!!!

**** MOST COMMON for in the HUMAN BODY!!!!!!!!!

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11
Q

Relaxation

A
  • Only a PARTIAL CONTRACTION may be Required to accomplish the DESIRED MOTION
  • As the Matrix of the SEGMENT REACHES a NEUTRAL POSITION, the LOAD Necessary to MAINTAIN that SHAPE (Length) DECREASES
    • Aka: When a MUSCLE is More RELAXED, it is EASIER to keep it the LENGTH that it IS! The more RELAXED a Muscle is, the FULLER TTHE RANGE of MOTION IS!!!!!!
  • Thus, RELAXATION is Equivalent to FLEXIBILITY. (This is FAIRLY IMPORTANT to consider when considering Somatic Dysfunctions!!!!)
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12
Q

Strength

A
  • The amount of FORCE needed to CONTRACT a MUSCLE
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13
Q

Moment

A
  • FORCE being APPLIED plus the MOMENT ARM (Aka WORK- Force x Distance)
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14
Q

Joint Reaction Force

A
  • Sum of MOMENTS and the FORCE of CONTRACTING MUSCLE
  • This applies a STRESS to the JOINT during MOVEMENT. Stress can be ABSORBED or REDISTRIBUTED. All structure have some ELASTICITY and BEND to help them ACCOMPLISH THIS!!!
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15
Q

Stiffness

A
  • The Amount of FORCE NECESSARY to BEND an OBJECT
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16
Q

Viscosity

A
  • Related to ITS WATER CONTENT. Rapid STRETCH has INCREASED RESISTANCE. Slower Stretch (CREEP) has DECREASED RESISTANCE
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17
Q

Stress

A

1) Tension:
- STRETCHING

2) Compression

3) Shearing:
- PARALLEL Force

4) Beinding:
- FOLDING about an AXIS!!!

5) Torsion:
- TWISTING around an AXIS!!!

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18
Q

Load

A
  • The sum of STRESSES on an OBJECT

- Can result in TISSUE DEFORMATION

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19
Q

Fatigue

A
  • Repeated APPLICATION of STRESSES can result in BREAKDOWN of the STRUCTURE
20
Q

Callus/ Stress Fracture

A
  • Repeated Stress can also result in an INCREASED MASS of the TISSUE!!!
21
Q

Somatic Dysfunction

A
  • An INAPPROPRIATE response to STRESS
22
Q

Applied Forces

A

1) EXTERNAL: Pressure applied to an OBJECT at REST; PASSIVE FORCE form the Perspective of the PATIENT.
- Magnitude and Combination of VECTORS LEADS to a RESULTANT APPLIED FORCE
- Produced from OUTSIDE the BODY and Originate from Gravity, Inertia, or Direct Contact

GROUND REACTIVE FORCES*

2) INTERNAL: Force generated to ACHIEVE LIMB MOVEMENT. Also includes VERTICAL LOAD (Summative Weight Transmitted through KINETIC CHAIN to the Ground) and FRICTION!

***VERTICAL LOAD!!!!!!

- Muscle GENERATE the ACTIVE INTERNAL FORCES; Tendons, Connective Tissues, Ligaments, and Joint Capsules generate PASSIVE INTERNAL FORCES!!!!!

***TISSUE Deformation can result from EITHER TYPE!!!!

23
Q

Static

A
  • The study of Systems that are in Constant State of MOTION (no Acceleration, whether at rest or at Constant Velocity)
24
Q

Dynamic

A
  • Study of Systems with Acceleration
25
Q

Kinematics

A
  • Study of MOTION, including consideration of Time Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, and SPACE FACTORS
26
Q

Kinetics

A
  • Study of FORCES associated with the MOTION of a BODY
27
Q

Equilibrium

A
  • State of ZERO ACCELERATION.
  • Static: Body at Rest or Motionless
  • Dynamic: All Applied and Internal Forces are in Balance
28
Q

Balance

A
  • Ability to CONTROL Equilibrium
29
Q

Stability

A
  • The resistance to a Change in ACCELERATION and DISTURBANCE of the body Equilibrium.
  • To control Equilibrium and Balance, STABILITY must be MAXIMIZED!!!
30
Q

Note on Guarding

A
  • GUARDING is the act of STRUCTURES PROTECTING a JOINT. It may cause just as many Problems as the ORIGINAL INJURY!!!!
  • Pain may PRESENT as a result on COMPENSATORY MECHANISM and not the Original INJURY. This may cause VISCEROSOMATIC DYSFUNCTION.
  • Always check a Joint ABOVE and BELOW the Area of PAIN!!!!
31
Q

Three Classes of Joints

A

1) Fibrous: Synarthrosis
2) Cartilaginous: Amphiarthrosis
3) Synovial: Diarthrosis

32
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Connected by DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE
  • Motion is GREATLY LIMITED
  • Two SUTURE edge Types:
    1) SQUAMOUS (Overlapping)2) SERRATED (Interlocking)
  • Ex: Cranial Articulation, Syndesmosis (Joined together by Connective Tissue, Tibia and Fibula), and Gomphosis!!!!
33
Q

Cartilaginous

A
  • Two surfaces UNITED by FIBROCARTILAGINOUS DISK
  • Small Amount of ROCKING and SLIDING

Two Subtypes:
1) HYALINE (Costochondral Joint and Epiphyseal Plate)

2) FIBROCARTILAGE (Intervertebral Disk)

34
Q

Synovial

A
  • Most COMMON JOINT
  • Separated by FLUID CONTAINING Joint Cavity
  • FREELY MOBILE
  • ARTICULAR SURFACES are covered with HYALINE CARTILAGE!!!!!!
  • FIBROUS JOINT Capsule creates a CLOSED JOINT CAVITY!!!!!
  • SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE lines Joint Capsule and secretes a VISCOUS FLUID to NOURISH and LUBRICATE the HYALINE CARTILAGE
35
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

1) Plane
2) Hinge
3) Saddle/ Sellar
4) Ball and Socket
5) Pivot/ Trochoid

36
Q

Plane

A
  • Minimal Sliding

Ex: Triquetrum- Pisiform

37
Q

Hinge

A

**GINGLYMUS!!!!!!!!!

  • Allows Large Degree of FREEDOM in One Plane

Ex: Elbow

38
Q

Saddle/ Sellar

A
  • One CONCAVE and One CONVEX bone allowing Motion in ALL PLANES

Ex: THUMB!!!!!

39
Q

Ball and Socket

A

1) ELLIPSOID:
- Head is Ellipsoid: GREATER MOTION than Condylar but LESS than SPHEROID

Ex: Radiocarpal!!!!!!!

2) CONDYLAR:
- Partial Flattening of BOTH Articular Surfaces that LIMITS MOTION

3) SPHEROID
- Has the MOST MOVEMENT!!!!!!!

Ex: Metacarpal- Phalangeal

40
Q

Pivot/ Trochoid

A
  • Primary Motion is ROTATION

Ex: Atlas and Axis!!!!!!!

41
Q

Joints and the Nervous System

A
  • Nerve endings are FOUND in the ARTICULAR CAPSULE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  • HILTON’s LAW: Nerves supplying a Joint also Supply MUSCLES moving the JOINT and the SKIN COVERING the attachments of those MUSCLES!!!!!!!!!
  • PROPRIOCEPTION: Provides Information about the MOVEMENT and PLACEMENT of JOINT
  • REFLEXES Control Muscles acting on Joints!!!!
42
Q

Blood Supply of the Joints

A
  • there are many Arteries SUPPLYING the Joints. They arise from the Vessels around the Joint.
  • There is OFTEN ANASTOMOSIS
  • Veins accompany the ARTERIES!!!
43
Q

Joint Degradation

A

1) INFLAMMATORY (Most Common RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS)
- What: Inflammatory Condition in which the Immune System ATTACKS SYNOVIUM and CARTILAGE
- Number: Over 2 MILLION!!!!!!
- Who: Mostly WOMEN, ages 30 - 60 for ONSET
- Why it Hurts: Cartilage WORN away and SYNOVIUM becomes Inflamed. Inflammatory agents DAMAGE CARTILAGE and BONE
2) OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA):
- What: Joint disease that GETS WORSE OVER TIME, Not Inflammatory
- Number: About 16 Million
- Who: Middle Age and Older
- Why it Hurts: CARTILAGE is ERODING allowing Bones to RUB TOGETHER!!!

***MOST COMMON TYPE, 16 Million People!!!!!!!!

3) TRAUMATIC:
- What: From an Injury leading to AVASCULAR NECROSIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Number: Unknown
- Who: People have experienced an INJURY or FRACTURE
- Why it Hurts: CARTILAGE deteriorates leading to BONES RUBBING TOGETHER!!!!!

44
Q

Fibrillation

A
  • Due to Loss of PROTEOGLYCANS (Core Proteins in GAGs)
  • Unmasks COLLAGEN FIBERS and INCREASES WATER Content in CHRONDOCYTES
  • BASICALLY EROSION OF CARTILAGE!!!!!!!!
  • GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE!!!!!!!!
45
Q

Eburnation

A
  • COMPLETEL LOSS of Articular Cartilage (you “Burned” it all way)
  • Accompanied by THICKENING of SUBCHONDRAL BONE —–> OSTEOSCLEROSIS
  • BONE IS HARD and POLISHED
  • PERMANENT LESION
  • Pain on Weight Bearing!!!!!!
46
Q

Joint Mice

A
  • Fragments of CARTILAGE or BONE FLOATING in SYNOVIAL FLUID
  • Occurs when PIECES of DEGENERATING CARTILAGE DETACH!!!!!!
  • Associated with CATCHING or LOCKING of JOINT!!!
  • Commonly seen in Degenerative Joint Disease!!

***Also called OSTEOCHONDROMATOSIS!!!!!!!!!

47
Q

Galileo Galilei

A
  • Increasing body mass correlated with an INCREASE in BONE DIAMETER
  • Load bearing STRENGTH
  • Suggested that BONES are HOLLOW to MAXIMIZE STRENGTH and MINIMIZE WEIGHT

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