Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration Flashcards
dosage form
system or device for delivering the drug to the body
inert
inactive
additives
additional formulation aids that may be necessary for a successful preparation of the dosage form
diluents
(additives) used to increase the bulk weight or volume of a dosage form so that the dose of the active drug is more easily handled by the patient
excipients
inactive substances used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
preservatives
substances that retard, minimize, or prevent the growth of bacteria or other microorganisms in the dosage form
CD
controlled diffusion
CR
controlled (or continuous) release
CRT
controlled-release tablet
LA
long-acting
SA
sustained-action
SR
sustained (or slow) release
TD
time delay
TR
time release
XL
extra-long
XR
extended-release
IV
intravenous (in vein)
MDI
meter-dose inhalers
IV push (IVP)
Bolus. drug is given intravenously over a short period (syringe/needle)
IV piggyback (IVPB)
drug is infused into vein over hours or days
IM
intramuscular (injection into large muscle)
SC, subQ, or SQ
subcutaneous (injected under skin in fatty tissue)
ID
intradermal (into the top layer of skin)
IA
intra-arterial (into an artery)
intra-articular
into joint
IC
intracardiac (into the heart)
intraperitoneal
into the abdominal cavity
intrapleural
into the sac surrounding the lung
intraentricular
into the cavities of the brain
intrathecal
into the space around the spinal cord
intravaginal
into the vagina
intraocular
into the eye
topical
the application of a drug to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes
transdermal
through the skin and is used to deliver drug systemically
Capsules
-solid dosage form -with or without inert -enclosed in a gelatin shell, dissolves in stomach approx. 10-30min [soft(sealed) or hard(unsealed)] -size: 000(largest)-5(smallest)
Tablets
-solid dosage form -formed in molds or by die punch compression -may include inerts -accurate dosages -extended- or sustained-release
Chewable Tablets
- designed to be chewed before swallowing
- usually plesant flavored
Enteric-coated tablets
(EC)
- coated with a substance to prevent dissolution in the stomach acid
- meant to be dissolved in intestines
- never be chewed, broken, or crushed
Sublingual tablets
-design to be dissolved quickly under the tongue
Buccal tablets
designed to place between the cheek and gum
dissoled over time
Film-coated tablets
- coated with a thin layer of water-solube material that dissoles quickly in stomach
- coated to cover up unpleasant tatse or odor/ deterioration
Effervescant tablets
- contain sodium bicarbonate and citric and/or tartaric acid
- when placed in liquid, acid-base reaction (bubbles) release active ingredient
Pellets (tablets)
- small, cylinder-shaped tablets
- meant for implantation
Vaginal tablets
designed to be inserted into the vagina
Lozenges
- solid dosage form
- hard, oval, or discoid(flat & round)
- flavor sugar base
- mouth or throat
Suppositories
-designed for insertion into the rectum, viginal cavity, or urethral tract
Powders
- solid dosage form
- finely ground mixtures of dry drugs and inactive ingredients
- externially: sprinkled or dusted on the area to be treated or make a paste
- internally: dissolved in water then swallowed
Granules
- solid doasge form
- powders that are wetted, allowed to dry, and grounded into course, irregular pieces
Solutions
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- homogenous (evenly distributed) mixtures of one or more dissolved med. (solute) in a liquid vechicle (solvent)
- solid, liquid, or gas
external and internal use
Aqueous Solutions
-contain water as the solvent
Vehicle
- fluid medium / solvent
- water, alcohol, or mineral oil
Douches
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- directed into the body cavity to remove debris or disinfect
Irrigations
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- used to wash eyes, the urinary bladder, or open wounds
- larger then douches
Enemas
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- introduced into the rectum to empty bowel or treat disease
Gargles
- liquid doasge form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- treat diseases of the throat
- not to be swallowed
Washes
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- used to cleanse or bathe a body part
- not to be swallowed
Sprays
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- deliver as a mist against mucous membrane of the nose or throat
Injection
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- aqueous solution
- sterile drug introduced beneath the skin, into the muscle, or into the bloodsteam
Syrups
- liduid dosage form containing soluble matter
- viscous aqueous solution
- concentrated mixture of sugar and drug
- often used in pediatrics
Mucilages
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- viscous aqueous solution
- adhesive liquids containing pulpy components of vegetable matter
Nonaqueous Solution
- without water*
- hydro-alcoholic (with water*)
- alcoholic solutions
Hydro-alcoholic Solution
- liquid dosage form containing soluble matter
- nonaqueous solution
- includes elixirs and tinctures
Elixirs
- hydro-alcoholic solution
- sweetened with pleasant tatse
- good relative stability
- easy to prepare
Tinctures
- hydro-alcoholic solution
- prepare from vegetable, animal, or chemical materials
- have higher alcohol content than elixir
Alcoholic Solutions
- Nonaqueous Solution
- contains no water
- dissolved directly into ethyl alcohol
Emulsions
- liquid dosage form containing insoluble matter
- mixtures of two liquids that normall do not mix
- one liquid is broken into small particles and evenly scattered throughout the other.
- liquid in small particles = internal phase
- the other liquid = external phase
- the two phases will seperate unless an emulsifying agent is used
Suspensions
- liquid dosage form containing inslouble matter
- mixtures of very fine particles of an insoluble solid (internal phase) distributed through a gas, liquid, or solid (external phase)
- external phase in most suspensions is water & called aqueous suspension
- need to shaken before used
Injectable Suspensions
-allow for insoluble drugs to be administered in a suitable form for intramusclar (subcutaneous) purpose.
Well- formulated suspensions have the following chararistics:
- suspended material should not settle rapidly
- when shaken, should disperse evenly
- should pour freely
- (external) spread evenly
- (external) dry quickly
- (external) should not rub off
- example: lotions
Extended-Release Dosage Form
- formulated so that active ingredients are released over time at a constant rate (8-24hr)
- typically capules or tablets
- sometimes: injections, implants, troches, or patches
Delayed-Release Dosage Form
- release their drug ar a later time
- example: enteric-coated tablets
Semisolid Dosage Form
- too thick too to be a liqiud
- not solid enough to be a solid
- intended for topical application
examples: - ointments
- creams
- pastes
- gels
- inhalers
Aerosols
- miscellaneous dosage forms
- suspensions of fine liquid or solid drug particles in a gas propellant and packaging
- example: inhaler
Injectable Dosage Form
- vials
- ampoules (ampules)
- pre-filled syringes
- pre-filled infusion bags
Parenteral Route
- bypass the gastrointestinal tract
- given over short or extended period
- are usually emulsions oe suspensions
