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Phamacy Technician Exam > Basic Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Basic Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the different body parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions of the body parts, what they do, and how they do it

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3
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • skin and its appendage(hair, nails)
  • physical barrier between the external environment and the internal structure of the body
  • helps thermoregulation through sweat glands and muslce attched to the hair follicles
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4
Q

Thermoregulation

A

regulating body temperature

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5
Q

Epidermis

A
  • outer most layer of skin
  • contains melanocytes (pigment)
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6
Q

Keratinization

A
  • causes new cells to put older ones on the sufaces
  • dead skin cells help protect against pathogens that may other wise be able to penetrate the skin
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7
Q

Dermis

A
  • “true skin”
  • the middle layer of skin
  • contains fibroblast
  • immune cells
  • hair follicles
  • sweat glands
  • sensory receptors
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8
Q

Fibroblasts

A
  • secrete elastin, collagen, and ground substance
  • responsible for providing support and elasticity of skin
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9
Q

subcutaneous layer

A
  • the innermost portion of the skin
  • made up of adipose (fat and connective tissue)
  • helps pretect against heat, UV rays, and infection
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10
Q

Sweat glands

A
  • two-part gland : secretory portion and an excretory duct
  • scretory portion: located below the dermis and produces the sweat
  • excretory duct: spirals through the dermis and exits at the surface of the skin
  • help cool the body
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11
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • forms along the sides of the walls of the hair follicle and produce sebum
  • sebum: oily substance responsible for lubricating the skin
  • controlled by the endocrine system
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12
Q

Four main functions of the skin?

A
  • sensation
  • protection
  • heat regulation
  • secretion
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13
Q

Rash

A

an area of red, inflamed skin

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14
Q

Bacterial infection

A

occurs when bacteria lies on the surface of the skin

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15
Q

Viral infection

A

occurs when a virus penetrates the skin

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16
Q

Parasitic infection

A

occurs when a worm or insect burrows into the skin to live or lay eggs

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17
Q

Fungal infection

A

occurs when a fungus gains entry to the skin

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18
Q

The Nerous System

A

made up of the central and peripheral nervos system

  • function= to direct the voluntary or involuntary action of the body
  • sends electical messages to and from the brain
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19
Q

Central Nervous System

(CNS)

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • message sent up the spinal cord from sensory receptors
  • proceed and intrepeted by the brain
  • brain sends a response
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20
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)

A
  • nerves the branch out from the central nervous system to body limbs and organs
  • recieves responses from the brain
  • allow functions of the body to occur
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21
Q

The Brain

A
  • responsible for receiving, interpreting and sending messages
  • divided into four lobes
  • frontal lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • occipital lobe

-larget part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is divided into 2 parts:

  • cerebral cortex
  • cerebral medulla
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22
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissues
  • extends from the brain down the backbone and to all parts of the body
  • transmit neural signals
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23
Q

Anxiety

A

a feeling of uneasiness, apprehension, fear, and worry theat affects an indiviual ability to function normally

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24
Q

Depression

A

Constant feelings of sadness, irritability and lack of concentration

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25
Q

Bipolar disorder or Manic despession

A

charaterized by peaks of extreme emotional highs and lows that can span days, weeks, or months

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26
Q

Seizures

A

convulsions or involuntary muscle movements of the body cause by electrial acitivty in the brain

-type of seizure depends on origin of electrial activity

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27
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Include, but not limited to : tremor, stiffness, and slow movement
  • (too little) neurotransmitter dopamine
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28
Q

Schizophrenia

A

abnormalities in a patient’s perception or expression of reality

-(too much) neurotransmitter dopamine

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29
Q

The Cardiovascular System

A
  • the heart and blood vessels
  • works with the respiratory system
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30
Q

The Heart

A
  • divided into left and right side
  • both sides have atrium (top chamber) and ventricle (bottom chamber)
  • made up of myocardium (cardic muscle)
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31
Q

Arteries

A

-carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body

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32
Q

Veins

A

-carries qxygen-depleted blood to the lungs to replenish oxygen

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33
Q

Capillaries

A
  • smallest vessels
  • allows the exchange of water, oxtgen, nutrients, waste, and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues
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34
Q

Blood

A
  • a liquid tissue that is responsible for life
  • approx. 5.6L in the body
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35
Q

Conronary Artery Disease

(CAD)

A

narrowing of the vessels that supply blood the the heart

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36
Q

Hyertension

A

high blood pressure

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37
Q

Arrhythmia

A

irregular heart beat

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38
Q

Thrombosis

A

formation of blood clot

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39
Q

Myocardial infraction

(MI)

A

(heart attack) hearts respose to lack of oxygen

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40
Q

Stroke

A

a clot that travels to the brain and blocks the flow of oxygen to it

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41
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • place where the air enters the respiratory system and is filtered and warmed before moving to the lower respiratory tract
  • mouth, nose, sinuses, larynx
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42
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • where the air is taken to the body to be carried to tissues
  • trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs
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43
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchial tubes

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44
Q

Emphysema

A

destruction of the air sac found in the lungs

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45
Q

Upper Respiratory Infection

A

viral or bacterial infection concentrated in the mouth, nose, sinuses, and larynz

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46
Q

Asthma

A

narrowing of the airway caused by an irritant

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47
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

condition that causes the formation of thick, sticky mucus

48
Q

The Gastrointestinal System

A
  • hollow tubes that run from the mouth to the anus for digestion
  • has five stages:
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. movement
  4. absorption
  5. elimination

-main organs:

  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small and large intestines
49
Q

Mouth

A

-site of physical food breakdown

50
Q

Esophagus

A

-a tuve that connects the mouth and stomach

51
Q

Cardic Sphincter

A
  • circular muscle at the end of the esophagus
  • prevents stomach acid from splashing up and damaging the esophagus
52
Q

Stomach

A
  • a saclike organ where chemical breakdown of food happens
  • hydrochloric acid
53
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A
  • separates the stomach and mall intestine
  • this is where nutrients and medicine are absorbed
  • pancreas and liver aid the process by secreting enzymes
54
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • responsible for eliminating the watse
  • as waste moves through, solids are separated from liquids so it can reabsob water (prevent dehydration)
  • separted into seven parts:
  1. cecum
  2. asending colon
  3. transverse colon
  4. descending colon
  5. sigmoid colon
  6. rectum
  7. anus
55
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

(GERD)

A

cause when acid from the stomach splashes onto the esophagus

56
Q

Nausea and Vomitting

A

awareness that something is stimulating the vomit center in the brain followed by involuntary conctraction of the abdominal muscles

57
Q

H. pylori

A

a bacterial infection in the mucosa that causes an increase in acid production

58
Q

Ulcer

A

a sore that forms in the stomach or small intestine commonly caused by an excess production of acid

59
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

an inflammation of the large intestine and rectum

60
Q

The Musculosketetal System

A
  • combination of muscle and bone
  • provides body support
  • allows voluntary and involuntary movement
61
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A
  • voluntary muscle that pulls on the bones
  • allowing movement
  • connected to bone by tendons
62
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • involuntary muscle
  • pushes blood through vessels
  • pushes food through intestines
  • controlled by the autonomic portion of PNS
63
Q

Cardic Muscle

A
  • involuntary
  • found only in the heart
  • responsible for electrail stimulation and pumping blood
64
Q

Bones

A
  • provide support and protection of organs
  • made up of dense connective tissue infused with calcified substance
  • contains marrow inside
  • adult= 206 bones
65
Q

Bone Marrow

A
  • gelatinous substance found inside bones
  • red marrow : creates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  • yellow marrow : used for storage of fat
66
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

infection of the bone

67
Q

Osteoporosis

A

lost of bone density (brittle bones)

68
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation of the joint

69
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

(RA)

A

autoimmune disease causing pain and inflammation in joints

70
Q

Tendonitis

A

inflammation of the tendons

71
Q

Muscle Spasm

A

the uncontrolled conctraction of a muscle

72
Q

The Endocrine System

A
  • collection of organs which secrete horomones
  • helps regulate many of the body’s functions as it communicates for the NS
73
Q

Hypothalamas

A
  • gland found in the brain
  • responsible for releasing hormones that signal the pituitary gland
74
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • controls the other endocrine organs
  • screte specific horomones that stimulate indivial glands
75
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

(thermogenesis)

  • responsible for metabolism, growth, and body heat production
  • uses iodine to produce horomones T3 and T4
76
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • sits stop each kidney
  • rsponsible for screting:
  • epinephrine
  • glucorticoids
  • mineralocorticoids
77
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • anti-stress steriods
  • anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties
78
Q

Mineralocortocoids

A

-responsible for regulating the salt/water metabolism, whch affects blood pressure

79
Q

Pancreas

A
  • below the stomach
  • responsible for regulatin blood gkucose levels
  • secretes either glucagon or insulin
  • glucagon : horomone that rasies the blood glucose level (glycogen into glucose)
  • insulin : hormone that lowers the blood glucose level (glucose into glycogen)
80
Q

Diabetes

A

caused by the body’s resistance or inability to produce insulin

81
Q

menopause

A

caused by the stop in production of female sex hormones

82
Q

hypothyroidism

A

occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce adequate thyroid hormone

83
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome

(PCOS)

A

caused by an excess amount of male hormone

84
Q

growth disorders

A

can be caused by an excess or deficiency in growth hormone

85
Q

The Reproduce System

A
  • main involvemnet is the production of offspring
  • ensure the survival of a species
  • four main functions:
  • to produce ova(egg) and sprem cells
  • to transport and sustain these cells
  • to nurture the developing offspring
  • to produce hormones
86
Q

Gonads

A
  • considered part of the endocrine system
  • sex-specific organs (testes & ovaries)
87
Q

herpes

A

viral infection that produces sores on the gentials

88
Q

chlamydia

A

bacterial infection in the reproductive tract

89
Q

gential warts

A

infection that causes wartlike bumps on the gentials

90
Q

gonorrhea

A

baterial infection in the reproductive tract

91
Q

HIV / AIDS

A

viral infection that affects the immune system

92
Q

The Immune System

A
  • responsible for protected the body against pathogens and foreign material
  • specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms
93
Q

Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms

A
  • mechanisms not specific to the pathogen
  • tears flushing out eyes
  • blood clotting to prevent pathogens in the bloodsteam
94
Q

Specific Defense Mechanisms

A
  • defense mechanisma are specific to the pathogen
  • antibodies
  • T-cells and B-cells
95
Q

T-cells

A
  • formed right before and after birth
  • developed in the thymus gland
  • reside in the lymph nodes
  • provide a resistance to specific disease-causing agents
96
Q

B-cells

A
  • form in the liver
  • contain one inserted antibody
  • as it enters the bloodstream, it multiplys
  • when it attaches to a pathogen, it will be come either a plasma or memory cell
97
Q

Pathology

A

the study and diagnosis of disease and its processes

  • help PT understand disease states an dmechanism of drug actio (MOA)
  • pathogens : microorganisma that cause disease
98
Q

Animal microorganisms

A
  • commonly parasites that are bacterial, protozal, or worm
  • bacterial and protozal = single celled disease-causing agents
  • worms = multicelluar
99
Q

Viruses

A

infectious agents that can only replicate inside a host cell

100
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

occur when the body becomes the target of its own defenses

101
Q

Plant microorganisms

A
  • single-celled organisms
  • screte digestive enzymes onto the organic molecules they are living on so they can feed on the dying cell
  • fungi, yeast, mold
102
Q

Prions

A
  • only made of protein
  • typically affect the brain
  • diseases like mad cow disease
103
Q

Susceptible Host

A

a person who has little to no immunity to infection and has been infected by a pathogen

104
Q

Pharmacology

A

the study of the interactions betwwen living organisms and medications

105
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A
  • study of absoprtion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug in the body
  • how a drug moves and changes in the body
106
Q

Drug Agonist

A

drug that will cause a reaction to occur in the body

107
Q

Drug Anatagonist

A

drug that wil cause a reaction not to occur or block a reaction from occuring

108
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

the study of the physiological effects a medication has on the body or microorganisms within the body

-MOA (mechanism of action) and adverse reactions

109
Q

Mechanism of Action

(MOA)

A

is how the medication produces a pharmacological effect

110
Q

Drug-Drug Interactions

A

occurs when one drug prevents another drug from having the therapeutic (wanted) effect

-this can exacerbate the condition, damage the body, or kill the patient

111
Q

Drug-Food Interactions

A

occurs when a medication interacts with one or more of the chemicals found in food.

can lead to dec. absoption, inc. plasma concentration levels, or an inc. release of chemicals by body

112
Q

Indication

A
  • or use
  • an approved usage for medication to treat a disease or condition
113
Q

“off-label uses”

A

-treatments for diseases, but not FDA-approved

114
Q

Drug Classification

A

a group of medications with the same or similar characterists

115
Q

Adverse Reaction

A

-side effect

harmful or undesired effects resultng from the use of a medication

Phamacy Technician Exam (8 decks)

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