Basic Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the different body parts
Physiology
the study of the functions of the body parts, what they do, and how they do it
Integumentary System
- skin and its appendage(hair, nails)
- physical barrier between the external environment and the internal structure of the body
- helps thermoregulation through sweat glands and muslce attched to the hair follicles
Thermoregulation
regulating body temperature
Epidermis
- outer most layer of skin
- contains melanocytes (pigment)
Keratinization
- causes new cells to put older ones on the sufaces
- dead skin cells help protect against pathogens that may other wise be able to penetrate the skin
Dermis
- “true skin”
- the middle layer of skin
- contains fibroblast
- immune cells
- hair follicles
- sweat glands
- sensory receptors
Fibroblasts
- secrete elastin, collagen, and ground substance
- responsible for providing support and elasticity of skin
subcutaneous layer
- the innermost portion of the skin
- made up of adipose (fat and connective tissue)
- helps pretect against heat, UV rays, and infection
Sweat glands
- two-part gland : secretory portion and an excretory duct
- scretory portion: located below the dermis and produces the sweat
- excretory duct: spirals through the dermis and exits at the surface of the skin
- help cool the body
Sebaceous glands
- forms along the sides of the walls of the hair follicle and produce sebum
- sebum: oily substance responsible for lubricating the skin
- controlled by the endocrine system
Four main functions of the skin?
- sensation
- protection
- heat regulation
- secretion
Rash
an area of red, inflamed skin
Bacterial infection
occurs when bacteria lies on the surface of the skin
Viral infection
occurs when a virus penetrates the skin
Parasitic infection
occurs when a worm or insect burrows into the skin to live or lay eggs
Fungal infection
occurs when a fungus gains entry to the skin
The Nerous System
made up of the central and peripheral nervos system
- function= to direct the voluntary or involuntary action of the body
- sends electical messages to and from the brain
Central Nervous System
(CNS)
- brain and spinal cord
- message sent up the spinal cord from sensory receptors
- proceed and intrepeted by the brain
- brain sends a response
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
- nerves the branch out from the central nervous system to body limbs and organs
- recieves responses from the brain
- allow functions of the body to occur
The Brain
- responsible for receiving, interpreting and sending messages
- divided into four lobes
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
-larget part of the brain is the cerebrum, which is divided into 2 parts:
- cerebral cortex
- cerebral medulla
Spinal Cord
- long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissues
- extends from the brain down the backbone and to all parts of the body
- transmit neural signals
Anxiety
a feeling of uneasiness, apprehension, fear, and worry theat affects an indiviual ability to function normally
Depression
Constant feelings of sadness, irritability and lack of concentration
Bipolar disorder or Manic despession
charaterized by peaks of extreme emotional highs and lows that can span days, weeks, or months
Seizures
convulsions or involuntary muscle movements of the body cause by electrial acitivty in the brain
-type of seizure depends on origin of electrial activity
Parkinson’s disease
- Include, but not limited to : tremor, stiffness, and slow movement
- (too little) neurotransmitter dopamine
Schizophrenia
abnormalities in a patient’s perception or expression of reality
-(too much) neurotransmitter dopamine
The Cardiovascular System
- the heart and blood vessels
- works with the respiratory system
The Heart
- divided into left and right side
- both sides have atrium (top chamber) and ventricle (bottom chamber)
- made up of myocardium (cardic muscle)
Arteries
-carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body
Veins
-carries qxygen-depleted blood to the lungs to replenish oxygen
Capillaries
- smallest vessels
- allows the exchange of water, oxtgen, nutrients, waste, and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues
Blood
- a liquid tissue that is responsible for life
- approx. 5.6L in the body
Conronary Artery Disease
(CAD)
narrowing of the vessels that supply blood the the heart
Hyertension
high blood pressure
Arrhythmia
irregular heart beat
Thrombosis
formation of blood clot
Myocardial infraction
(MI)
(heart attack) hearts respose to lack of oxygen
Stroke
a clot that travels to the brain and blocks the flow of oxygen to it
Upper Respiratory Tract
- place where the air enters the respiratory system and is filtered and warmed before moving to the lower respiratory tract
- mouth, nose, sinuses, larynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
- where the air is taken to the body to be carried to tissues
- trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and lungs
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Emphysema
destruction of the air sac found in the lungs
Upper Respiratory Infection
viral or bacterial infection concentrated in the mouth, nose, sinuses, and larynz
Asthma
narrowing of the airway caused by an irritant
Cystic Fibrosis
condition that causes the formation of thick, sticky mucus
The Gastrointestinal System
- hollow tubes that run from the mouth to the anus for digestion
- has five stages:
- ingestion
- digestion
- movement
- absorption
- elimination
-main organs:
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestines
Mouth
-site of physical food breakdown
Esophagus
-a tuve that connects the mouth and stomach
Cardic Sphincter
- circular muscle at the end of the esophagus
- prevents stomach acid from splashing up and damaging the esophagus
Stomach
- a saclike organ where chemical breakdown of food happens
- hydrochloric acid
Pyloric Sphincter
- separates the stomach and mall intestine
- this is where nutrients and medicine are absorbed
- pancreas and liver aid the process by secreting enzymes
Large Intestine
- responsible for eliminating the watse
- as waste moves through, solids are separated from liquids so it can reabsob water (prevent dehydration)
- separted into seven parts:
- cecum
- asending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
(GERD)
cause when acid from the stomach splashes onto the esophagus
Nausea and Vomitting
awareness that something is stimulating the vomit center in the brain followed by involuntary conctraction of the abdominal muscles
H. pylori
a bacterial infection in the mucosa that causes an increase in acid production
Ulcer
a sore that forms in the stomach or small intestine commonly caused by an excess production of acid
Ulcerative Colitis
an inflammation of the large intestine and rectum
The Musculosketetal System
- combination of muscle and bone
- provides body support
- allows voluntary and involuntary movement
Skeletal Muscles
- voluntary muscle that pulls on the bones
- allowing movement
- connected to bone by tendons
Smooth Muscle
- involuntary muscle
- pushes blood through vessels
- pushes food through intestines
- controlled by the autonomic portion of PNS
Cardic Muscle
- involuntary
- found only in the heart
- responsible for electrail stimulation and pumping blood
Bones
- provide support and protection of organs
- made up of dense connective tissue infused with calcified substance
- contains marrow inside
- adult= 206 bones
Bone Marrow
- gelatinous substance found inside bones
- red marrow : creates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- yellow marrow : used for storage of fat
Osteomyelitis
infection of the bone
Osteoporosis
lost of bone density (brittle bones)
Arthritis
inflammation of the joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
(RA)
autoimmune disease causing pain and inflammation in joints
Tendonitis
inflammation of the tendons
Muscle Spasm
the uncontrolled conctraction of a muscle
The Endocrine System
- collection of organs which secrete horomones
- helps regulate many of the body’s functions as it communicates for the NS
Hypothalamas
- gland found in the brain
- responsible for releasing hormones that signal the pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland
- controls the other endocrine organs
- screte specific horomones that stimulate indivial glands
Thyroid Gland
(thermogenesis)
- responsible for metabolism, growth, and body heat production
- uses iodine to produce horomones T3 and T4
Adrenal Glands
- sits stop each kidney
- rsponsible for screting:
- epinephrine
- glucorticoids
- mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
- anti-stress steriods
- anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties
Mineralocortocoids
-responsible for regulating the salt/water metabolism, whch affects blood pressure
Pancreas
- below the stomach
- responsible for regulatin blood gkucose levels
- secretes either glucagon or insulin
- glucagon : horomone that rasies the blood glucose level (glycogen into glucose)
- insulin : hormone that lowers the blood glucose level (glucose into glycogen)
Diabetes
caused by the body’s resistance or inability to produce insulin
menopause
caused by the stop in production of female sex hormones
hypothyroidism
occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce adequate thyroid hormone
polycystic ovarian syndrome
(PCOS)
caused by an excess amount of male hormone
growth disorders
can be caused by an excess or deficiency in growth hormone
The Reproduce System
- main involvemnet is the production of offspring
- ensure the survival of a species
- four main functions:
- to produce ova(egg) and sprem cells
- to transport and sustain these cells
- to nurture the developing offspring
- to produce hormones
Gonads
- considered part of the endocrine system
- sex-specific organs (testes & ovaries)
herpes
viral infection that produces sores on the gentials
chlamydia
bacterial infection in the reproductive tract
gential warts
infection that causes wartlike bumps on the gentials
gonorrhea
baterial infection in the reproductive tract
HIV / AIDS
viral infection that affects the immune system
The Immune System
- responsible for protected the body against pathogens and foreign material
- specific and nonspecific defense mechanisms
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
- mechanisms not specific to the pathogen
- tears flushing out eyes
- blood clotting to prevent pathogens in the bloodsteam
Specific Defense Mechanisms
- defense mechanisma are specific to the pathogen
- antibodies
- T-cells and B-cells
T-cells
- formed right before and after birth
- developed in the thymus gland
- reside in the lymph nodes
- provide a resistance to specific disease-causing agents
B-cells
- form in the liver
- contain one inserted antibody
- as it enters the bloodstream, it multiplys
- when it attaches to a pathogen, it will be come either a plasma or memory cell
Pathology
the study and diagnosis of disease and its processes
- help PT understand disease states an dmechanism of drug actio (MOA)
- pathogens : microorganisma that cause disease
Animal microorganisms
- commonly parasites that are bacterial, protozal, or worm
- bacterial and protozal = single celled disease-causing agents
- worms = multicelluar
Viruses
infectious agents that can only replicate inside a host cell
Autoimmune diseases
occur when the body becomes the target of its own defenses
Plant microorganisms
- single-celled organisms
- screte digestive enzymes onto the organic molecules they are living on so they can feed on the dying cell
- fungi, yeast, mold
Prions
- only made of protein
- typically affect the brain
- diseases like mad cow disease
Susceptible Host
a person who has little to no immunity to infection and has been infected by a pathogen
Pharmacology
the study of the interactions betwwen living organisms and medications
Pharmacokinetics
- study of absoprtion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug in the body
- how a drug moves and changes in the body
Drug Agonist
drug that will cause a reaction to occur in the body
Drug Anatagonist
drug that wil cause a reaction not to occur or block a reaction from occuring
Pharmacodynamics
the study of the physiological effects a medication has on the body or microorganisms within the body
-MOA (mechanism of action) and adverse reactions
Mechanism of Action
(MOA)
is how the medication produces a pharmacological effect
Drug-Drug Interactions
occurs when one drug prevents another drug from having the therapeutic (wanted) effect
-this can exacerbate the condition, damage the body, or kill the patient
Drug-Food Interactions
occurs when a medication interacts with one or more of the chemicals found in food.
can lead to dec. absoption, inc. plasma concentration levels, or an inc. release of chemicals by body
Indication
- or use
- an approved usage for medication to treat a disease or condition
“off-label uses”
-treatments for diseases, but not FDA-approved
Drug Classification
a group of medications with the same or similar characterists
Adverse Reaction
-side effect
harmful or undesired effects resultng from the use of a medication
