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doping Flashcards

1
Q

are drugs usually developed for doping

A

no they are generally developed for medical therapeutic use and then they used as enhancement drugs and people take advantage of their effects

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2
Q

how can we work out if a fdrug has an enhancing effect

A

by giving them to people that don’t have the condition they are used to treat

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3
Q

we can only ban drugs that we can ………

A

detect

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4
Q

do recreational drugs help athletes

A

it is unclear

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5
Q

what are TUEs

A

therapeutic use exemptions - given to athletes that have a medical reason to be taking drugs that would normally be banned

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6
Q

what are common myths about doping

A
  • taking enhancement drugs will make you win - no - you still need a natural talent
  • PEDs will automatically improve performance - no, especially if taken at low levels to prevent detection - the body also has negative feedback systems to counteract PED induced changes
  • PEDs that are naturally found in the body work better and are untraceable - no, its unlikely that they are administered in the same pattern as many endogenous substances are released in pulses an even if within legal limits they often alter production of other substances
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7
Q

what is doping

A

administration of unnecessary drugs to animals or humans to obtain an advantage

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8
Q

what are some reasons that people dope in sport

A 
increase speed
increase body mass
change hormone levels 
change genetic makeup - not a thing yet
change metabolism
improve O2 uptake
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9
Q

why do people believe doping should be banned

A
  • public pay to see fair competition
  • can be dangerous for the athlete
  • unfair as some athletes have better access compared to others
  • animals have no say in the drugs administered to them
  • clean athletes can fall under suspicion
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10
Q

is it an offence not to appear for testing

A

yes - results in a 2 year ban

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11
Q

what is the time period that athletes are banned for if they are caught doping

A

4 years - but it is sometimes lowered

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12
Q

what used to be a common excuse for being caught doping

A

that a rival athlete contaminated them

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13
Q

what is a common excuse for being caught doping now

A

they say that their supplements have been contaminated, usually in manufacturing

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14
Q

name some common doping substances

A 
DHEA
anabolic steroids
blood booster EPO
methenolone
stanozolol 
androstenedione
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15
Q

why do the same sports come up again and again

A

either because they are the most popular or because there are drugs that are advantageous for them

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16
Q

what evidence do we need to conclude accidental doping

A

need to know how the substance entered the athletes body

need evidence that the athlete did not intend to enhance their performance

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17
Q

which supplements commonly unclearly contain illegal substances

A

dietary supplements

body building supplements

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18
Q

how can it be difficult to compare labels of supplements and the prohibited list items

A

they may be listed differently

some labelling is very ambiguous

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19
Q

where is the risk of supplements being sold as counterfeit product the greatest

A

over the internet - fake supplements common

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20
Q

does a label saying safe for sport mean that the drugs are not banned

A

no it is meaningless

WADA and UKAD do not approve any supplement products

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21
Q

hoe can accidental doping be reduced

A

thorough internet research
only using batch tested products
checking the informed sport risk minimisation programme that a supplement has been batch tested

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22
Q

why may substances be included in the testing specification for a number of reasons- what are some of these

A
  • they were sold as a supplement
  • they have been reported as a contaminant
  • they have been subject to wide publicity linking them with adverse analytical findings or supplement
  • widely available as a recreational drug and at higher risk of being a contaminant
  • chemically closely related to any prohibited substance
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23
Q

describe the extent of doping through history

A
  • Olympians and gladiators used plants known to act as stimulants or hallucinogens before competing - early doping substances were used to induce endurance
  • performance enhancing drugs were used in modern Olympic games - legal
  • 1928 - firs rules against doping in sport - banned but not policed because they didn’t have the knowledge to detect them
  • athletes began taking amphetamines used by soldiers - reduced fatigue and hunger feelings
  • anabolic steroids sold in US - hoped that they would have the same effect as testosterone but without the side effects
  • 1960 fist athlete dies due to doping at Olympics
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24
Q

what caused the first tour de france doping death

A

cyclist was taking amphetamines - his death was the driver for regulation to be tightened

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25
Q

what are the 3 guiding principles with respect to doping

A
  • protection of athlete
  • respect for medical and sport ethics
  • equality for all competing athletes
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26
Q

when was the first drug testing at the Olympics

A

1968 - alcohol was banned but tranquilizers were not

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27
Q

when was doping in horses banned

A

1968

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28
Q

what is WADA

A

the world anti doping agency - responsible for all aspects of fighting against doping in sport

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29
Q

what does WADA do

A
  • code compliance monitoring
  • anti-doping coordination
  • anti-doping development
  • science and medicine
  • education
  • athlete outreach
  • cooperation with law enforcement
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30
Q

how does a substance get on the prohibited list

A

needs to meet 2 of the following

  • potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance
  • presents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
  • violates the spirit of sport
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31
Q

how often is the list of prohibited drugs updated

A

annually and you get 3 months notice before the change comes into effect

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32
Q

are preclinical or clinical trial drugs legal

A

no they are illegal

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33
Q

if a drug is prohibited at all times what does this mean

A

it is prohibited in and out of sport

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34
Q

give 2 examples of non-approved anabolic agents

A

testosterone and clenbuterol

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35
Q

give 3 examples of peptide hormones, growth factors and related substances that are not approved

A

EPO
LH
IGF

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36
Q

give 2 examples of beta 2 agonists that are non-approved

A

formoterol

salbutamol

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37
Q

give an examples of hormone and metabolic modulators that is non-approved

A

aromatase inhibitor

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38
Q

give an example of diuretics and masking agents

A

desmopressin

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39
Q

what are AAS

A

anabolic androgenic steroids

40
Q

what are exogenous AAS and give an example

A

substance which is not ordinarily produced by the body naturally e.g. stanozolol

41
Q

what are endogenous AAS when administered exogenously and give an example

A

a substance which is ordinarily produced by the body naturally but has been administered e.g. testosterone

42
Q

what do anabolic agents do

A

they stimulate bone/muscle growth

43
Q

give an example of a synthetic steroid hormone

A

clenbuterol

44
Q

what happens to muscle when treated with anabolic agents

A

muscle size, diameter and number of nuclei increase

45
Q

describe muscle memory induced by anabolic agents

A

muscle size, diameter and number of nuclei increase when treated with anabolic agents then when treatment stops everything falls back to normal levels except form number of nuclei
when made to exercise without treatment muscle grows very rapidly again

46
Q

what do EPO affect

A

erythropoietin

47
Q

what do GATA inhibitors do

A

they increase rbc and oxygen uptake - acts in the same way as EPO

48
Q

give 2 examples of peptide hormones

A

chronic gonadotropin

LH

49
Q

give an example of growth factors

A

insulin growth factors

50
Q

what different types of growth factors do we get

A 
for muscles, tendons/ligaments 
protein synthesis/degradation 
vascularisation 
energy utilization 
regenerative capacity 
fibre type switching
51
Q

do growth hormones improve performance on their own

A

no - little evidence

52
Q

describe how hormones are secreted which makes it difficult to replicate

A

in impulses

53
Q

how else are hormone levels difficult to alter for a performance advantage

A

they are usually part of a complex regulatory system where feedback loops are important to counteract any changes

54
Q

what are beta-2-agonists used for clinically

A

to treat asthma

55
Q

why is asthma complicated in sports and how do we measure that drugs are being used appropriately

A

drug can only be used to build lungs up to a normal capacity and cannot be used to improve them above that
this is measured by looking at metabolites in urine

56
Q

the maximum content of salbutamol in urine is 1000ng/ml but is this an absolute limit

A

no - it varies in individuals what concentration is excreted and people can have an increased allowance if proved different by pharmacokinetic study

57
Q

are pharmacokinetic tests always available

A

no - it depends if the conditions are replicable e.g. a 3 week race

58
Q

what are hormone and metabolic modulators

A

substances that change enzymes and hormone in the body e.g. aromatase inhibitors

59
Q

how can diuretics be used as masking agents

A

because they dilute urine

60
Q

as well as diluting urine how else can diuretics have an effect

A

they regulate body mass and shape muscle profile

61
Q

give examples of stimulants prohibited in competition

A

amphetamines
strychnine
cocaine

62
Q

give examples of narcotic prohibited in competition

A

methadone
morphine
buprenorphine

63
Q

give examples of cannabinoids prohibited in competition

A

cannabis

THC

64
Q

give examples of glucocorticoids prohibited in competition

A

hydrocortisone

betamethasone

65
Q

what di stimulants do

A

speed up the brain and body
suppress appetite
reduce tiredness
increase alertness

66
Q

what type of stimulants are allowed in sports

A

caffeine

67
Q

what is the effect of narcotics

A

painkillers - cant fell pain - can be dangerous for injury

68
Q

cannabinoids are banned in competition but what is the exception

A

cannabinol

69
Q

what is the effect of glucocorticoids

A

they are natural steroid hormones used to treat allergy/infection/autoimmune diseases

70
Q

what drugs are only prohibited in particular sports

A

alcohol and beta blockers e.g. ones where it is an advantage to control tremors e.g. acebutolol and propanolol

71
Q

what are monitoring tests

A

when you look at the pattern of substance use to see if they are being abused

72
Q

a lot of a persons sporting ability is down to what

A

genetics - genetic pre-disposition can make you more suited to a particular sport e.g. height and basketball

73
Q

describe the case where the athlete hade a mutation in th EPO gene

A

he was performing very well without excessive training

  • his body did not switch off EPO production and as a result he had 50% more rbc than normal
    • the mutation was passed through the family and some of theme were also elite athletes
  • none of the family that didn’t have the mutation were competitive athletes
  • this is currently an acceptable advantage
74
Q

what is currently not an acceptable method for increasing rbc

A

injecting a drug that is meant for medical use that causes your body to act as if at altitude

75
Q

what are acceptable ways to increase rbc

A

train at high altitude

sleeping in an oxygen tent that stimulates high altitude

76
Q

can genetic factors be altered by training

A

yes some can e.g. flexibility, muscle mass, hand eye coordination
but some cannot e.g. height

77
Q

what are the factors involved in increasing endurance

A

increase muscle mass
change metabolism
reduce hunger and tiredness
change oxygen uptake

78
Q

what methods of manipulating blood content are banned

A
  • administration of blood into the circulatory system
  • altering transport, uptake or delivery of O2 artificially
  • any form of intravascular manipulation of the blood
79
Q

what chemical and physical manipulation processes are banned

A
  • attempting to tamper with samples

- infusions or injections of more than 100ml in 12 hours except in hospital treatments

80
Q

what are the prohibited processes in gene and cell doping

A

manipulating genetic makeup - banned before it has happened

81
Q

what are the exceptions of no needle policies in sport

A

e.g. therapeutic use in diabetes or haemophilia

82
Q

why do gene doping

A

because a large proportion of many traits is heritable

83
Q

what is gene doping defined as

A

using gene modification for the same purpose as administering a prohibited substance - temporary I(injecting gene into muscle) or permanent (using a disabled virus to carry code to cells) changes

84
Q

why would a muscle biopsy not be appropriate for doping testing in athletes

A

painful and if taken on the day of competition could compromise performance

85
Q

is editing a gene or changing transcriptional regulation banned

A

yes

86
Q

what is VO2 max

A

the maximum rate at which the heart, lungs and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise - measures aerobic capacity

87
Q

what is some of VO2 max pre-disposed by that could be altered using CRISPR

A

SNPs

88
Q

what research have WADA done in gene doping

A

development of a gene doping detection assay developed for detection of EPO and cDNA
they want to develop the system to target other illegal substances
etc etc

89
Q

what are the known risks of gene therapy using inactivated viruses

A
  • unwanted immune system reaction - rejection - inflammation and organ failure
  • targeting the wrong cells - healthy cells damaged 0 cancer
  • infection caused by the virus - may recover ability to cause disease
  • possibility of causing a tumour - new genes in the wrong place
90
Q

why are Belgian blue cattle so muscly

A

myostatin is found in muscle and inhibits insulin like growth factors which prevent muscle form increasing in size
the cows have defective myostatin so muscles grow extensively
may be attractive to athletes wanting to build muscle

91
Q

we only want our skeletal muscle to grow, why is this

A

if cardiac muscle grew this could lead to heart disease which could be fatal

92
Q

when would gene modification be likely to occur

A

early career
injury treatment
when reaching limit
end of career

93
Q

why is being muscular at an early age an advantage

A

because we have muscle memory

94
Q

using new substances can increase muscle mass which should increase performance but what is the reality

A

probably injury

95
Q

what is the Myosin IIb isoform

A

found in muscles of mammals that need sudden energy bursts but this isoform is not expressed in humans - could use a TF (inject into muscle) to express it in humans

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