doping Flashcards
are drugs usually developed for doping
no they are generally developed for medical therapeutic use and then they used as enhancement drugs and people take advantage of their effects
how can we work out if a fdrug has an enhancing effect
by giving them to people that don’t have the condition they are used to treat
we can only ban drugs that we can ………
detect
do recreational drugs help athletes
it is unclear
what are TUEs
therapeutic use exemptions - given to athletes that have a medical reason to be taking drugs that would normally be banned
what are common myths about doping
- taking enhancement drugs will make you win - no - you still need a natural talent
- PEDs will automatically improve performance - no, especially if taken at low levels to prevent detection - the body also has negative feedback systems to counteract PED induced changes
- PEDs that are naturally found in the body work better and are untraceable - no, its unlikely that they are administered in the same pattern as many endogenous substances are released in pulses an even if within legal limits they often alter production of other substances
what is doping
administration of unnecessary drugs to animals or humans to obtain an advantage
what are some reasons that people dope in sport
increase speed increase body mass change hormone levels change genetic makeup - not a thing yet change metabolism improve O2 uptake
why do people believe doping should be banned
- public pay to see fair competition
- can be dangerous for the athlete
- unfair as some athletes have better access compared to others
- animals have no say in the drugs administered to them
- clean athletes can fall under suspicion
is it an offence not to appear for testing
yes - results in a 2 year ban
what is the time period that athletes are banned for if they are caught doping
4 years - but it is sometimes lowered
what used to be a common excuse for being caught doping
that a rival athlete contaminated them
what is a common excuse for being caught doping now
they say that their supplements have been contaminated, usually in manufacturing
name some common doping substances
DHEA anabolic steroids blood booster EPO methenolone stanozolol androstenedione
why do the same sports come up again and again
either because they are the most popular or because there are drugs that are advantageous for them
what evidence do we need to conclude accidental doping
need to know how the substance entered the athletes body
need evidence that the athlete did not intend to enhance their performance
which supplements commonly unclearly contain illegal substances
dietary supplements
body building supplements
how can it be difficult to compare labels of supplements and the prohibited list items
they may be listed differently
some labelling is very ambiguous
where is the risk of supplements being sold as counterfeit product the greatest
over the internet - fake supplements common
does a label saying safe for sport mean that the drugs are not banned
no it is meaningless
WADA and UKAD do not approve any supplement products
hoe can accidental doping be reduced
thorough internet research
only using batch tested products
checking the informed sport risk minimisation programme that a supplement has been batch tested
why may substances be included in the testing specification for a number of reasons- what are some of these
- they were sold as a supplement
- they have been reported as a contaminant
- they have been subject to wide publicity linking them with adverse analytical findings or supplement
- widely available as a recreational drug and at higher risk of being a contaminant
- chemically closely related to any prohibited substance
describe the extent of doping through history
- Olympians and gladiators used plants known to act as stimulants or hallucinogens before competing - early doping substances were used to induce endurance
- performance enhancing drugs were used in modern Olympic games - legal
- 1928 - firs rules against doping in sport - banned but not policed because they didn’t have the knowledge to detect them
- athletes began taking amphetamines used by soldiers - reduced fatigue and hunger feelings
- anabolic steroids sold in US - hoped that they would have the same effect as testosterone but without the side effects
- 1960 fist athlete dies due to doping at Olympics
what caused the first tour de france doping death
cyclist was taking amphetamines - his death was the driver for regulation to be tightened
what are the 3 guiding principles with respect to doping
- protection of athlete
- respect for medical and sport ethics
- equality for all competing athletes
when was the first drug testing at the Olympics
1968 - alcohol was banned but tranquilizers were not
when was doping in horses banned
1968
what is WADA
the world anti doping agency - responsible for all aspects of fighting against doping in sport
what does WADA do
- code compliance monitoring
- anti-doping coordination
- anti-doping development
- science and medicine
- education
- athlete outreach
- cooperation with law enforcement
how does a substance get on the prohibited list
needs to meet 2 of the following
- potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance
- presents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
- violates the spirit of sport
how often is the list of prohibited drugs updated
annually and you get 3 months notice before the change comes into effect
are preclinical or clinical trial drugs legal
no they are illegal
if a drug is prohibited at all times what does this mean
it is prohibited in and out of sport
give 2 examples of non-approved anabolic agents
testosterone and clenbuterol
give 3 examples of peptide hormones, growth factors and related substances that are not approved
EPO
LH
IGF
give 2 examples of beta 2 agonists that are non-approved
formoterol
salbutamol
give an examples of hormone and metabolic modulators that is non-approved
aromatase inhibitor
give an example of diuretics and masking agents
desmopressin
what are AAS
anabolic androgenic steroids
what are exogenous AAS and give an example
substance which is not ordinarily produced by the body naturally e.g. stanozolol
what are endogenous AAS when administered exogenously and give an example
a substance which is ordinarily produced by the body naturally but has been administered e.g. testosterone
what do anabolic agents do
they stimulate bone/muscle growth
give an example of a synthetic steroid hormone
clenbuterol
what happens to muscle when treated with anabolic agents
muscle size, diameter and number of nuclei increase
describe muscle memory induced by anabolic agents
muscle size, diameter and number of nuclei increase when treated with anabolic agents then when treatment stops everything falls back to normal levels except form number of nuclei
when made to exercise without treatment muscle grows very rapidly again
what do EPO affect
erythropoietin
what do GATA inhibitors do
they increase rbc and oxygen uptake - acts in the same way as EPO
give 2 examples of peptide hormones
chronic gonadotropin
LH
give an example of growth factors
insulin growth factors
what different types of growth factors do we get
for muscles, tendons/ligaments protein synthesis/degradation vascularisation energy utilization regenerative capacity fibre type switching
do growth hormones improve performance on their own
no - little evidence
describe how hormones are secreted which makes it difficult to replicate
in impulses
how else are hormone levels difficult to alter for a performance advantage
they are usually part of a complex regulatory system where feedback loops are important to counteract any changes
what are beta-2-agonists used for clinically
to treat asthma
why is asthma complicated in sports and how do we measure that drugs are being used appropriately
drug can only be used to build lungs up to a normal capacity and cannot be used to improve them above that
this is measured by looking at metabolites in urine
the maximum content of salbutamol in urine is 1000ng/ml but is this an absolute limit
no - it varies in individuals what concentration is excreted and people can have an increased allowance if proved different by pharmacokinetic study
are pharmacokinetic tests always available
no - it depends if the conditions are replicable e.g. a 3 week race
what are hormone and metabolic modulators
substances that change enzymes and hormone in the body e.g. aromatase inhibitors
how can diuretics be used as masking agents
because they dilute urine
as well as diluting urine how else can diuretics have an effect
they regulate body mass and shape muscle profile
give examples of stimulants prohibited in competition
amphetamines
strychnine
cocaine
give examples of narcotic prohibited in competition
methadone
morphine
buprenorphine
give examples of cannabinoids prohibited in competition
cannabis
THC
give examples of glucocorticoids prohibited in competition
hydrocortisone
betamethasone
what di stimulants do
speed up the brain and body
suppress appetite
reduce tiredness
increase alertness
what type of stimulants are allowed in sports
caffeine
what is the effect of narcotics
painkillers - cant fell pain - can be dangerous for injury
cannabinoids are banned in competition but what is the exception
cannabinol
what is the effect of glucocorticoids
they are natural steroid hormones used to treat allergy/infection/autoimmune diseases
what drugs are only prohibited in particular sports
alcohol and beta blockers e.g. ones where it is an advantage to control tremors e.g. acebutolol and propanolol
what are monitoring tests
when you look at the pattern of substance use to see if they are being abused
a lot of a persons sporting ability is down to what
genetics - genetic pre-disposition can make you more suited to a particular sport e.g. height and basketball
describe the case where the athlete hade a mutation in th EPO gene
he was performing very well without excessive training
- his body did not switch off EPO production and as a result he had 50% more rbc than normal
- the mutation was passed through the family and some of theme were also elite athletes
- none of the family that didn’t have the mutation were competitive athletes
- this is currently an acceptable advantage
what is currently not an acceptable method for increasing rbc
injecting a drug that is meant for medical use that causes your body to act as if at altitude
what are acceptable ways to increase rbc
train at high altitude
sleeping in an oxygen tent that stimulates high altitude
can genetic factors be altered by training
yes some can e.g. flexibility, muscle mass, hand eye coordination
but some cannot e.g. height
what are the factors involved in increasing endurance
increase muscle mass
change metabolism
reduce hunger and tiredness
change oxygen uptake
what methods of manipulating blood content are banned
- administration of blood into the circulatory system
- altering transport, uptake or delivery of O2 artificially
- any form of intravascular manipulation of the blood
what chemical and physical manipulation processes are banned
- attempting to tamper with samples
- infusions or injections of more than 100ml in 12 hours except in hospital treatments
what are the prohibited processes in gene and cell doping
manipulating genetic makeup - banned before it has happened
what are the exceptions of no needle policies in sport
e.g. therapeutic use in diabetes or haemophilia
why do gene doping
because a large proportion of many traits is heritable
what is gene doping defined as
using gene modification for the same purpose as administering a prohibited substance - temporary I(injecting gene into muscle) or permanent (using a disabled virus to carry code to cells) changes
why would a muscle biopsy not be appropriate for doping testing in athletes
painful and if taken on the day of competition could compromise performance
is editing a gene or changing transcriptional regulation banned
yes
what is VO2 max
the maximum rate at which the heart, lungs and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise - measures aerobic capacity
what is some of VO2 max pre-disposed by that could be altered using CRISPR
SNPs
what research have WADA done in gene doping
development of a gene doping detection assay developed for detection of EPO and cDNA
they want to develop the system to target other illegal substances
etc etc
what are the known risks of gene therapy using inactivated viruses
- unwanted immune system reaction - rejection - inflammation and organ failure
- targeting the wrong cells - healthy cells damaged 0 cancer
- infection caused by the virus - may recover ability to cause disease
- possibility of causing a tumour - new genes in the wrong place
why are Belgian blue cattle so muscly
myostatin is found in muscle and inhibits insulin like growth factors which prevent muscle form increasing in size
the cows have defective myostatin so muscles grow extensively
may be attractive to athletes wanting to build muscle
we only want our skeletal muscle to grow, why is this
if cardiac muscle grew this could lead to heart disease which could be fatal
when would gene modification be likely to occur
early career
injury treatment
when reaching limit
end of career
why is being muscular at an early age an advantage
because we have muscle memory
using new substances can increase muscle mass which should increase performance but what is the reality
probably injury
what is the Myosin IIb isoform
found in muscles of mammals that need sudden energy bursts but this isoform is not expressed in humans - could use a TF (inject into muscle) to express it in humans
