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BPK 142 Lecture Flashcards > (DONE) Lecture 3 - Growth and Development > Flashcards

(DONE) Lecture 3 - Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define: growth

A
  • progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity, including the attendant increases in size
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2
Q

Talk about human body parts in comparison to each other, proportions, and tissues with growth in mind

A
  • not all human body parts grow/ stop growing at the same rate
  • human body does not retain the same proportions throughout life
  • tissues do not remain constant in weight
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3
Q

When does rapid brain development occur? How much does the brain weigh at this time?

A
  • 5 years old

- 90%

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4
Q

Until puberty, how much do reproductive organs weigh?

A
  • 10% of final weight
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5
Q

State the stages of growth (5) and the period they occur

A
  • neonatal period: birth - 4 weeks
  • infancy: 4 weeks - 2 years
  • childhood: 2 years to adolescence
  • adolescence: 9yrs in females 11 years in boys. Ends approx 17-18yrs old
  • adulthood: end of adolescence till death
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6
Q

What is the infancy stage of growth characterised by?

A
  • tremendous growth, increased coordination, and mental development
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7
Q

define: distance curve

A
  • measurements at intervals plotted against time to view progress
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8
Q

define: velocity curve

A
  • increments in growth plotted against time to show variation in rate of growth with time
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9
Q

longitudinal data for growth curves

A
  • Growth curve derived from a single individual or repeated measurements of the same group of individuals over a period of many years
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10
Q

cross sectional data for growth curves

A
  • Measurements are made of several children in each age group and combined to form a picture of various age groups in community at time of investigation
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11
Q

what is the most important difference in boys and girls

A
  • rate of maturity
  • reach adult height earlier
  • enter puberty earlier
  • cease growing earlier
  • female fetal skeleton develops faster
  • at birth, difference in maturity is 4-6 weeks
  • puberty, difference in maturity is 2 years
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12
Q

Talk about the height difference (if at all) in boys and girls (when is height the same, different, and balance is redressed)

A
  • there is little difference in height between boys and girls until age 9-10 when girls are taller and heavier (due to growth spurt)
  • this balance is redressed at age 14
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13
Q

When is the growth take off for girls? When is it for boys

A
  • girls: 9+-1 years

- boys: 11+-1.5 years

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14
Q

During the growth spurt, how much height do girls and boys gain?

A
  • girls: 16cm

- boys: 20cm

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15
Q

When is the peak height velocity for girls? Boys?

A
  • girls: 11.5 years

- boys: 13.5 years

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The standard deviation for age at peak height velocity is slightly less than ________. The peak height velocity is highest in ______ and lowest in _______
children. Since the peak height velocity may occur as much as _____ earlier or later than the average within each sex, a ______ difference in the event between an early maturing
girl and a late maturing boy is quite possible

A
  • one year
  • early maturing children
  • late maturing children
  • two years
  • 6 year
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17
Q

Why are men usually taller than women?

A
  • extra 2 years of growth (where male legs usually grow much faster than the trunk and longer than female legs)
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18
Q

Fill in the blank: during the growth spurt, boys may add ____ to their weight, and girls ____.
The peak velocity for the spurt in weight lags behind the peak velocity for height by about ____; a child shoots up and fills out later.

A
  • 20 kg
  • 16
  • 3 months
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19
Q

How does weight increase from:

  • ovum to birth
  • birth to maturity
  • birth to 2 years to growth spurt
A
  • 3 x 10^9 fold increase
  • 20 fold increase
  • 4 fold increase then 2-3kg/ year increase until growth spurt
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20
Q

define: osteoporosis

A
  • Bones become thin and brittle due to decreased mineral content, making them susceptible to fracture
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21
Q

When does peak velocity in bone mineral content occur?

A
  • 1 year after peak height velocity
22
Q

Why are you more likely at risk for fractures during your growth spurt period?

A
  • long bones weaken during growth spurt
23
Q

What helps bone mineral content?

A
  • calcium ( important! )
  • vitamin D (sunshine/ diet)
  • weight bearing activity
24
Q

When is peak bone mineral density of the spine and hip achieved?

A
  • early to late twenties
25
Q

Describe the shape of infants in comparison to adults

A
  • Large head: ratio of head height to total height equals 1:4 in the infant, 1:7.5 in the
    adult.
  • Lower limbs: much less well developed at birth than upper limbs - ratio of leg length to total height equals 1:3 in infant, 1:2 in adult.
26
Q

Compare the growth of peripheral parts of the body in comparison to central parts

A
  • peripheral parts grow first then the central parts (foot–> calf–> thigh)
27
Q

Fill in the blank: The ____ grow faster than the ____ vault.

A
  • bones of the face

- cranial

28
Q

define: puberty

A
  • time when sex organs suddenly enlarge
29
Q

define: menarche

A
  • onset of menstruation: occurs late in puberty

- begins when height velocity is falling

30
Q

When is puberty complete in females?

A

When sexual maturity is attained; after the ova matures (up to 2 years after period)

31
Q

What is the average age of the start of puberty

A
  • 12.2-13 years+- 1 year

- 95% of children start puberty between 11-15 years old

32
Q

What are the 6 ways to assess maturity in children?

A
  • chronological age
  • radiological skeletal age
  • dental age
  • growth curves
  • sexual age
  • neural age
33
Q

Describe chronological age as an assessment of maturity

A
  • unreliable because children mature at different rates
34
Q

Describe radiological skeletal age as an assessment of maturity

A
  • x rays of the wrist and hand to determine how ossified the childs hands are in comparison to an adult hand
  • At every chronological age up to full maturity, the radiological age of girls is in advance
    of that of boys by a factor of about 20 percent or more.
35
Q

Describe dental age as an assessment of maturity

A
  • The deciduous dentition (“baby teeth”) erupts from six months to 2 years of age and can be used
    during that period
  • The permanent dentition provides a measure from six to 13 years of age.
  • Skeletal maturity and dental maturity are not closely related in the individual
36
Q

Describe growth curves as an assessment of maturity

A

The timing of the peak height velocity and the peak weight velocity are useful maturity indicators.

37
Q

Describe sexual age as an assessment of maturity

A

Ratings can be made of stages in pubic hair development, stages in
breast development, and stages of genital development. These indicators have limited
applicability over the growth span, in contrast to skeletal maturation, which can be
monitored from infancy into young adulthood.
The “Tanner” stages of sexual maturity are used as the universal standard for classifying
sexual maturity.
The age at which menarche occurs is an important indicator of maturation status in
females. Menarche is more closely related to radiological age (12 - 14.5 years) than to
chronological age (10 - 16 years)

38
Q

Describe neural age as an assessment of maturity

A
  • central nervous system requires considerable time to develop to the stage at which it can be fully utilized.
  • Girls are ahead of boys throughout the phase of motor and sensory
    development (walk earlier, control their bladders earlier,
    and are ahead in the use and understanding of speech)
  • They are also first in the
    development of skills which need fine movements and coordination, such as tying bows
39
Q

What are the 5 types of skeletal development that have been recognized.

A

(1) Average maturation and adult height
(2) Early maturation - tall in childhood but not as adults
(3) Early maturation and genetically tall
(4) Late maturation - small in childhood, average as adults
(5) Late maturation and genetically short

40
Q

Children who are more physically mature score ____ than ______ on _____

A
  • higher
  • children who are less physically mature
  • mental ability tests
41
Q

Mesomorphic boys mature faster and have an earlier adolescent growth spurt. What is their advantage and eventual possible disadvantages in sports?

A
  • can compete more competitively early

- may develop unrealistic expectations and have difficulty adjusting to a loss of sports advantage when peers catch up

42
Q

What are some of the movements associated with body management?

A
  • rolling
  • stopping
  • bending
  • twisting
  • landing
  • stretching
  • climbing
  • balancing
  • turning
43
Q

What are some of the movements associated with locomotor skills?

A
  • crawling
  • running
  • gallopping
  • walking
  • hopping
  • skipping
  • dodging
44
Q

What are some of the movements associated with object control skills?

A
  • throwing
  • catching
  • striking
  • bouncing
  • dribbling
  • kicking
45
Q

define: physical literacy

A
  • the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and
    understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities for
    life
46
Q

what factors influence growth and maturation? (3)

A
  • genetic control (nature more than nurture impacts growth)
  • nutrition
  • disease
47
Q

How does malnutrition impact growth?

A
  • delays growth

- children can recover from acute starvation unless the situation was severe and for a long period of time

48
Q

What was the growth trend for children aged 5-7 between 1880 and 1950.

A
  • average height increased by half an inch per decade for a total of more than 4 inches
49
Q

Since 1880, what is the growth trend of the average adult’s height?

A
  • 1cm increase per decade

- trend has slowed down over the current past 20 years

50
Q

How does season and climate impact growth?

A
  • children grow faster in spring and summer

- children gain more weight in the autumn than in the spring

51
Q

How is growth in Asiatic and African children different from European children?

A
  • they are ahead of European children in skeletal age, dental maturity, and age of menarche
  • a study showed that African American boys are one year ahead in pubertal development compared to the average Caucasian boy

BPK 142 Lecture Flashcards (13 decks)

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