(DONE) Lecture 1 - Osteology and Arthrology Flashcards
define: osteology
study of bones
define: arthrology
- study of anatomy, function, dysfunction, and treatment of joints
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
- provides a supporting framework for body
- provides muscle attachment points, creating a lever system that allows body movement
- protects vital organs (brain, heart, etc)
- forms blood cells (red, white, and platelets) in red bone marrow
- mineral storage (calcium and phosphorous)
What are the major building blocks of our bones? (4)
- calcium carbonate
- calcium phosphate
- collagen fibers
- water
define: collagen
- protein that is the main organic component of connective tissue
define: osteocytes
- widely separated cells that compose tissue
What surrounds osteocytes? What is their composition (3)?
- matrix
- 25% water
- 25% protein
- 50% mineral salts
Why are bones described as dynamic?
- constantly being remodelled in response to mechanic stress or absence of stress
where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur?
- epiphyseal plate (layer of cartilage on the ends of bones)
Compare the bones of someone physically active to a sedentary individual
- denser and more mineralised
what is the purpose of the articular cartilage?
- protects bones from grinding on each other
List the 5 different classifications of bones
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- sesamoid bones
- irregular bones
describe and give examples: long bones
- longer than wide
- humerus
- metacarpals
- femur
- tibia
- fibular
- phalanges
describe and give examples: short bones
- wider than they are long
- carpals
- tarsals
describe and give examples: flat bones
- flat and broad surface
- scapula
- sternum
- ilium
describe and give examples: sesamoid bones
- small bones that forms in tendon
- patella
describe and give examples: irregular bones
- complex bones that don’t fit in any of the other categories
- vertebrae
- sacrum
How many bones are in the human body?
206
define: axial skeleton
- part of skeleton that consists of bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrae
define: appendicular skeleton
- bones that support appendages
What are the 2 functions of the vertebral column?
- flexible support for trunk
- spinal cord protection
How many vertebrae, distinct bones, and segments are on the vertebral column?
- 33 vertebrae
- 26 distinct bones
- 5 segments
Give the names of the 5 different segments of vertebrae and the amount of each.
- cervical vertebrae: 7
- thoracic vertebrae: 12
- lumbar vertebrae: 5
- sacral vertebrae: 5
- coccygeal vertebrae: 4
to help memorize!
- Breakfast at 7am: CEReal! (cervical vertebrae: 7)
- Lunch at 12pm: THai!
(thoracic vertebrae: 12)
- Dinner at 5pm: LUMpy soup and SAlmon!
(lumbar vertebrae: 5; sacral vertebrae: 5)
- Whats for dessert? 4 COokies! (coccygeal vertebrae: 4)
How do the vertebrae articulate with one another?
- facets (flat areas) located on the processes of neural arches (synovial joint)
- intervertebral discs between cartilaginous joint
What is the function of intervertebral discs? (2)
- Shock absorbers
- Allow slight movement for a flexible and resilient column
What is a herniated disc?
- the outer portion of a disc is torn allowing the nucleus to herniate and compress the nerve in the intervertebral foramen
List and briefly describe the 3 types of abnormal spine curves
- scoliosis: lateral curvature
- kyphosis: hump back
- lordosis: sway back
List and briefly describe the 3 classifications of joints
- fibrous joint: immovable
- cartilaginous joint: slightly moveable
- synovial joint: freely moveable
give an example of a fibrous joint
- sutures between skull bones
give an example of a cartilaginous joint
- pubic symphysis
What are the 2 functions of synovial fluid?
- lubricates joints to reduce friction
- supplies nutrients and removes waste products from cartilage cells (cartilage cells have no direct blood cell)
What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give an example of each
- pivot joint: between C1 &C2 vertebrae)
- hinge joint: knee, elbow, ankle,
- saddle joint: between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone
- plane joint: between tarsal bones
- condyloid joint: between radius and carpal bones of wrist
- ball socket joint: hip
define: ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together
define: tendons
Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
define: bursa
Small sac/ cavity with synovial fluid located at friction points (example: between tendons and bones, joints)
List and describe the 3 different reference planes
Frontal plane: divides body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right
Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior portions
anatomical position
- common “starting position” given before described movement
- standing straight, arms by side, palms facing forward
List the 6 types of joint movement
- Flexion, extension
- Abduction, adduction
- Rotation - inward (medial) rotation; outward (lateral) rotation
- Supination, pronation
- Elevation, depression
- Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion
Define a sprain and the 3 different degrees
- overstretching of the ligaments
1st degree: fibers stretched
2nd degree: partial tear
3rd degree: rupture
define a dislocation and the impacts of a dislocation
- displacement of a bone
- sprain/torn ligaments, ruptured blood vessels, and compressed nerves
define a subluxation
- partial dislocation
define bursitis; explain how it may occur (3)
- inflamed bursae
- injury, exercise, or infection
define arthritis; explain how it may occur (4)
- joint inflammation
- trauma, bacterial infection, metabolic disorders, or unknown causes
What are the structural limits of flexibility (4)?
- bony structure of the joint
- ligaments
- joint capsules
- muscle-tendon unit (muscle and its fascial sheaths)
What is the major focus of stretching exercises?
- the elongation of the muscles and fascial sheaths tissues
