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BPK 142 Lecture Flashcards > (DONE) Lecture 1 - Osteology and Arthrology > Flashcards

(DONE) Lecture 1 - Osteology and Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

define: osteology

A

study of bones

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2
Q

define: arthrology

A
  • study of anatomy, function, dysfunction, and treatment of joints
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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. provides a supporting framework for body
  2. provides muscle attachment points, creating a lever system that allows body movement
  3. protects vital organs (brain, heart, etc)
  4. forms blood cells (red, white, and platelets) in red bone marrow
  5. mineral storage (calcium and phosphorous)
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4
Q

What are the major building blocks of our bones? (4)

A
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate
  • collagen fibers
  • water
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5
Q

define: collagen

A
  • protein that is the main organic component of connective tissue
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6
Q

define: osteocytes

A
  • widely separated cells that compose tissue
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7
Q

What surrounds osteocytes? What is their composition (3)?

A
  • matrix
  • 25% water
  • 25% protein
  • 50% mineral salts
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8
Q

Why are bones described as dynamic?

A
  • constantly being remodelled in response to mechanic stress or absence of stress
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9
Q

where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur?

A
  • epiphyseal plate (layer of cartilage on the ends of bones)
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10
Q

Compare the bones of someone physically active to a sedentary individual

A
  • denser and more mineralised
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11
Q

what is the purpose of the articular cartilage?

A
  • protects bones from grinding on each other
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12
Q

List the 5 different classifications of bones

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • sesamoid bones
  • irregular bones
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13
Q

describe and give examples: long bones

A
  • longer than wide
  • humerus
  • metacarpals
  • femur
  • tibia
  • fibular
  • phalanges
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14
Q

describe and give examples: short bones

A
  • wider than they are long
  • carpals
  • tarsals
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15
Q

describe and give examples: flat bones

A
  • flat and broad surface
  • scapula
  • sternum
  • ilium
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16
Q

describe and give examples: sesamoid bones

A
  • small bones that forms in tendon

- patella

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17
Q

describe and give examples: irregular bones

A
  • complex bones that don’t fit in any of the other categories
  • vertebrae
  • sacrum
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18
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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19
Q

define: axial skeleton

A
  • part of skeleton that consists of bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrae
20
Q

define: appendicular skeleton

A
  • bones that support appendages
21
Q

What are the 2 functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • flexible support for trunk

- spinal cord protection

22
Q

How many vertebrae, distinct bones, and segments are on the vertebral column?

A
  • 33 vertebrae
  • 26 distinct bones
  • 5 segments
23
Q

Give the names of the 5 different segments of vertebrae and the amount of each.

A
  • cervical vertebrae: 7
  • thoracic vertebrae: 12
  • lumbar vertebrae: 5
  • sacral vertebrae: 5
  • coccygeal vertebrae: 4

to help memorize!
- Breakfast at 7am: CEReal! (cervical vertebrae: 7)
- Lunch at 12pm: THai!
(thoracic vertebrae: 12)
- Dinner at 5pm: LUMpy soup and SAlmon!
(lumbar vertebrae: 5; sacral vertebrae: 5)
- Whats for dessert? 4 COokies! (coccygeal vertebrae: 4)

24
Q

How do the vertebrae articulate with one another?

A
  • facets (flat areas) located on the processes of neural arches (synovial joint)
  • intervertebral discs between cartilaginous joint
25
Q

What is the function of intervertebral discs? (2)

A
  • Shock absorbers

- Allow slight movement for a flexible and resilient column

26
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A
  • the outer portion of a disc is torn allowing the nucleus to herniate and compress the nerve in the intervertebral foramen
27
Q

List and briefly describe the 3 types of abnormal spine curves

A
  • scoliosis: lateral curvature
  • kyphosis: hump back
  • lordosis: sway back
28
Q

List and briefly describe the 3 classifications of joints

A
  • fibrous joint: immovable
  • cartilaginous joint: slightly moveable
  • synovial joint: freely moveable
29
Q

give an example of a fibrous joint

A
  • sutures between skull bones
30
Q

give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A
  • pubic symphysis
31
Q

What are the 2 functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • lubricates joints to reduce friction

- supplies nutrients and removes waste products from cartilage cells (cartilage cells have no direct blood cell)

32
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints? Give an example of each

A
  • pivot joint: between C1 &C2 vertebrae)
  • hinge joint: knee, elbow, ankle,
  • saddle joint: between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone
  • plane joint: between tarsal bones
  • condyloid joint: between radius and carpal bones of wrist
  • ball socket joint: hip
33
Q

define: ligaments

A

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together

34
Q

define: tendons

A

Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

35
Q

define: bursa

A

Small sac/ cavity with synovial fluid located at friction points (example: between tendons and bones, joints)

36
Q

List and describe the 3 different reference planes

A

Frontal plane: divides body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane: divides body into left and right
Transverse plane: divides body into superior and inferior portions

37
Q

anatomical position

A
  • common “starting position” given before described movement

- standing straight, arms by side, palms facing forward

38
Q

List the 6 types of joint movement

A
  1. Flexion, extension
  2. Abduction, adduction
  3. Rotation - inward (medial) rotation; outward (lateral) rotation
  4. Supination, pronation
  5. Elevation, depression
  6. Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion
39
Q

Define a sprain and the 3 different degrees

A
  • overstretching of the ligaments
    1st degree: fibers stretched
    2nd degree: partial tear
    3rd degree: rupture
40
Q

define a dislocation and the impacts of a dislocation

A
  • displacement of a bone

- sprain/torn ligaments, ruptured blood vessels, and compressed nerves

41
Q

define a subluxation

A
  • partial dislocation
42
Q

define bursitis; explain how it may occur (3)

A
  • inflamed bursae

- injury, exercise, or infection

43
Q

define arthritis; explain how it may occur (4)

A
  • joint inflammation

- trauma, bacterial infection, metabolic disorders, or unknown causes

44
Q

What are the structural limits of flexibility (4)?

A
  • bony structure of the joint
  • ligaments
  • joint capsules
  • muscle-tendon unit (muscle and its fascial sheaths)
45
Q

What is the major focus of stretching exercises?

A
  • the elongation of the muscles and fascial sheaths tissues

BPK 142 Lecture Flashcards (13 decks)

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