(DONE) Lecture 2 - Anthropometry and Body Composition Flashcards
What are the 4 models to look at body composition through?
- tissue model
- structural model
- two compartment model
- chemical model
What are the 4 main types of tissues in the tissue model?
- Nervous: (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
- Epithelial (lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface)
- Muscle (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle)
- Connective: (fat and other soft padding tissue)
What are the 3 components of the structural model?
- muscle
- skeleton (bone)
- fat (essential and non essential)
What are the 2 components in the 2 compartment model? What makes up the second component?
- fat
- non fat (bone, muscle, water, vital organs and connective tissue)
What are the 5 components of the chemical model?
- fat
- protein
- carbs
- minerals
- water
define: anthropometry
- quantitative measurement of body size and proportions to understand physical variation and body composition
What are a few methods to measure body composition? (4)
- skinfold thickness
- circumference
- bony widths + lengths,
- height and body weight
What are 6 reasons why you would assess body composition?
- Determine optimal body composition for performance in sports
- Develop sound weight reduction programs
- Determine bone mineral content in women and children
- Monitor changes in body composition associated with disease.
- Track goals for weight management and strength training
- Determine body composition related health risk
List a few complications associated with obesity
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease and heart failure
- Higher incidence of certain cancers
- Higher levels of inflamatory markers in the body
- Stroke
- Sleep apnea
- Gallbladder disease
- Osteoarthritis on weight-bearing joints
- Gout
- Reduced fertility
- Non alcoholic fatty liver
- Reduced physical agility
List a few complications associated with excessive thinness
- Fluid electrolyte imbalance
- Osteoporosis
- Bone fractures
- Muscle wasting
- Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death
- Peripheral edema
- Renal disorders
- Reproductive disorders
define eating disorders and list the 4 main EDs
- disturbances in eating behaviour that jeopardises a person’s physical or psychological health
- anorexia
- bulimia nervosa
- binge eating disorder
- female athlete triad
Anorexia
- what is it defined by?
- statistics
- consequence
- Defined by lack of appetite with a nerve origin (self starvation) with a disturbed perception of body weight and shape
- 90% of cases are females
- usually between age 15-19
- bone density equivalent to 70yr old woman
Bulimia nervosa
- what is it defined by
- Recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of becoming fat. Usually followed by self induced vomiting or purging. Can be taking emetics (agent that causes vomiting)
Binge eating disorder
- how is it different from bulimia
- patient does not purge after eating
Female athlete triad
- characterised by (3)?
- what condition can this cause?
- how can this condition impact the human body if left untreated (2)
- what can it lead to (5)
- Disordered eating, intense exercise, emotional stress all combined can suppress hormones that control the menstrual cycle
- 3 consecutive months of missed cycle = amenorrhea (condition)
- Prolonged amenorrhea can lead to drop in bone density and osteoporosis
- Lead to decreased physical performance, increased bone fracture possibility, disturbances of heart rhythm, metabolism, and death
define: essential fat (2)
- required fat for normal physiological functions
- structural component of cell membranes; required for synthesis of certain hormones, transport of fat soluble vitamins, etc
define: storage fat and give location
- fat stored in adipose tissue for energy supply purposes
- located underneath skin in abdominal cavity and around certain organs
compare the average male to a female in terms of: height weight muscle mass body fat content
taller, heavier, larger muscle mass, lower body fat content
Fill in the blank: males and females ages 20-24
- storage fat female___, male ___
- essential fat female ___, male ___
- 15%; 12%;
- 12%; 3%;
where do females have sex specific fat deposits? (3)
- breasts, pelvis, thighs, etc
male obesity: state fat disposition, name of deposition pattern
- upper torso and abdomen
- android shape (apple)1
female obesity: state fat disposition, name of deposition pattern; explain the change in fat disposition after menopause
- waist thigh hips butt
- gynoid shape (pear)
- post menopause more fat deposits in the abdominal area
Fill in the blank: The combination of ______________ is one of the largest epidemics the
world has faced. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing
around the world and the obese are becoming more severely obese.
- diabetes and obesity
Fill in the blank: Obesity now ranks as the ______ leading cause of preventable deaths in the
USA – about _______ deaths yearly.
Obese individuals with a BMI of ____ or larger can expect about a ___ year
decrease in longevity. Survival rates progressively increase as BMI
decreases
- second
- 330,000
- 30
- 7
Obese children become obese adults. Obese children at ages _____ have a _____ chance of becoming obese as adults - a risk __ times than that of
children of healthy weight. An obese child costs the health care system
about ___ times more than a child of normal weight.
- 6 to 9 years old
- 55%
- 10
- 3
Fill in the blank: In the past dozen years, scientists have discovered that ______ is not simply a __________ for fat, but an endocrine organ that secretes more than a dozen ________________ that trigger changes throughout the body. When fat cells expand they release more of some of these compounds and less of others. Examples: _________ etc.
- adipose tissue
- passive storehouse
- peptide and non peptide compounds
- leptin, inflammatory proteins, etc
causes of obesity epidemic
- more energy intake than expenditure
- decreased physical activity
- increased consumption of calories
- social environment
- genetics
- viruses (research pending)
Define NEAT
- non exercise activity thermogenesis
- energy expended by physical activity other than planned exercise: sitting, walking, standing, fidgeting, etc
- obese people generally do less NEAT than fit people
What are some of the “symptoms” of aging in a prosperous society
- increased fat mass
- decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)
- decreased bone mass
What is the likely cause of elderly women bone fragility?
- failure to obtain optimal level of bone mass during childhood
How do you delay the onset of the “symptoms” of aging in a prosperous society?
- regular exercise and proper exercise
What are the 2 common techniques for assessing body composition?
- direct methods: chemical analysis of human cadavers
- indirect methods: noninvasive techniques used on living persons
Height and weight table: explain its use and 3 criticisms
- predicts desirable weight in regards to lowest death rates
criticisms: - do not consider body composition
- most of data was compiled using middle class white population; not representative of general North American population
- no accepted method has been used to determine frame size
give the equation for bone density
- density= mass/volume
What was the original way to measure body volume? What has it been replaced by?
- underwater weighing/ volumetry
- air displacement plethysmography (AKA BOD POD method); subject is immersed in a closed air filled chamber and the volume of displaced air is measured
How do you determine body fat using body density? What 2 assumptions must be made?
- use underwater weighing/ BODPOD and then use an equation to determine percentage
- to use these equations you must assume the human body has 2 compartments: fat and non fat
- AND each of these components have densities which are known constants (fat: .9g/ml nonfat: 1.10g/ml)
Fill in the blank: For decades ____________ has been used as a universal method for validating ______ formulae and all other methods (ie) it has been
used as the __________
- hydrostatic weighing
- skinfold caliper
- gold standard
What is the problem with assuming the nonfat density value is a constant?
- studies have shown this is untrue. the non fat compartment varies as a function of age, sex, and racial group
define: BMI and state the BMI for someone who is underweight, overweight, and obese AND in their 20s-70s
- index that divides body mass by height squared; indicator of obesity
BMI less than 18.5 = underweight
BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 = overweight
BMI of 30 or higher = obese
can you use BMI for children?
- not really; children grow and develop and their bmi will change accordingly. Only very extreme BMIs (1-4% and 95%+ percentiles) are indicators of weight problems
Fill in the blank: Recent research evidence indicates that these BMI ______ may need
_____ because the relationship between ____________, and
between _____________,
differs across ethnic groups. For example, Asian populations have a higher
body fat percentage at a lower BMI compared to Caucasians.
- cutoff points
- revision
- BMI and body composition
- indices of fat distribution and the actual amount of visceral fat
Fill in the blank: A 2007 study in Vancouver found that, for the same amount of total body fat, __________ people had a far greater concentration in their
______, where it poses the greatest risk for _______.
- Chinese and South Asian
- inner abdomen
- diabetes and heart
disease
Criticise BMI
- not necessarily associated with body fat all the time; you can be over the average weight for your height but be not “over fat”
- think of elite athletes who are bigger than normal but most of it is muscle
More research has shown what to be a better predictor of obesity related health risks than BMI?
- waist circumference and/or waist to hip ratio
Waist circumference measurement
- explain its advantages (3)
- simple, inexpensive, effective assessment for central obesity
- excellent correlation with abdominal imaging (CT and MRI)
- high association with CVD risk and mortality
What is the recommended location for waist circumference measurements
- iliac crest
Why do we take skinfold measurements?
- there exists a relationship between fat located in the depots directly beneath the skin AND the internal body fat and body density
What are the two ways to use skinfold measurements?
- calculate the sum of many skinfold measurements and compare them after a period of time (measuring fat loss in an individual)
- use in conjunction with equations or tables to predict body fat %
What are the assumptions you must make when predicting body fat % using skinfold measurements?
- Constant densities in 2 compartment model
- Proper identification of measurement site and proper measurement technique
- Constant compressibility of skinfold
- Fixed adipose tissue patterning
- Fixed proportion of internal to external fat
What are the 2 types of body fat % equations? Explain a bit about each. What is their error %?
- Population specific equations:
Application is limited because equation is developed from a small and specific sample group - Generalised equations:
Should not be applied to unique populations (extremely obese or extremely fit individuals)
- 3-5%
Why should body fat % equations take into account age when using skinfold measurements?
- older individuals have proportionally more fat deposits internally than subcutaneously.
What does CSEP PATH stand for? What does it use to assess health risks associated with body composition?
- Canadian society for exercise physiology physical activity training for health
- Uses BMI and waist circumference to provide an assessment of an individuals health risks associated with body composition
What is bioelectrical impedance? Where is impedance greater?
- a device that measures body composition using the electrical resistance in the body
- impedance is greater in adipose tissue (which is 14-22% water) than in bone and muscle (71-75% water)
How does a bioelectrical impedence test take place? What does the reading mean?
- electrodes are attached to the subject and a low level electrical current (500-800 microamps at 50kHz) is passed through the subjects body
- the higher the electrical resistance the fatter the subject
What can impact the results of a bioelectrical impedance analysis?
- daily fluctuations in water content due to exercise, dehydration, eating
and drinking
What do fat prediction equations tend to mess up in lean and obese individuals?
- overestimate fat mass in lean individuals
- underestimate fat mass in the obese
List the other methods for calculating body composition (7)
- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
- Computerized tomography (CT)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Total body water/ hydrometry
- Ultrasound
- Total body potassium
- Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR)
What is the current gold standard for adipose tissue and lean body mass measurement? (3) Why?
- CT, MRI, DEXA
- can distinguish between subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue unlike waist circumference measurements
