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BPK 142 Lecture Flashcards > (DONE) Lecture 2 - Anthropometry and Body Composition > Flashcards

(DONE) Lecture 2 - Anthropometry and Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 models to look at body composition through?

A
  • tissue model
  • structural model
  • two compartment model
  • chemical model
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2
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues in the tissue model?

A
  • Nervous: (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
  • Epithelial (lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface)
  • Muscle (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle)
  • Connective: (fat and other soft padding tissue)
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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the structural model?

A
  • muscle
  • skeleton (bone)
  • fat (essential and non essential)
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4
Q

What are the 2 components in the 2 compartment model? What makes up the second component?

A
  • fat

- non fat (bone, muscle, water, vital organs and connective tissue)

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5
Q

What are the 5 components of the chemical model?

A
  • fat
  • protein
  • carbs
  • minerals
  • water
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6
Q

define: anthropometry

A
  • quantitative measurement of body size and proportions to understand physical variation and body composition
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7
Q

What are a few methods to measure body composition? (4)

A
  • skinfold thickness
  • circumference
  • bony widths + lengths,
  • height and body weight
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8
Q

What are 6 reasons why you would assess body composition?

A
  • Determine optimal body composition for performance in sports
  • Develop sound weight reduction programs
  • Determine bone mineral content in women and children
  • Monitor changes in body composition associated with disease.
  • Track goals for weight management and strength training
  • Determine body composition related health risk
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9
Q

List a few complications associated with obesity

A
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Hypertension
  • Coronary artery disease and heart failure
  • Higher incidence of certain cancers
  • Higher levels of inflamatory markers in the body
  • Stroke
  • Sleep apnea
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Osteoarthritis on weight-bearing joints
  • Gout
  • Reduced fertility
  • Non alcoholic fatty liver
  • Reduced physical agility
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10
Q

List a few complications associated with excessive thinness

A
  • Fluid electrolyte imbalance
  • Osteoporosis
  • Bone fractures
  • Muscle wasting
  • Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death
  • Peripheral edema
  • Renal disorders
  • Reproductive disorders
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11
Q

define eating disorders and list the 4 main EDs

A
  • disturbances in eating behaviour that jeopardises a person’s physical or psychological health
  • anorexia
  • bulimia nervosa
  • binge eating disorder
  • female athlete triad
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12
Q

Anorexia

  • what is it defined by?
  • statistics
  • consequence
A
  • Defined by lack of appetite with a nerve origin (self starvation) with a disturbed perception of body weight and shape
  • 90% of cases are females
  • usually between age 15-19
  • bone density equivalent to 70yr old woman
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13
Q

Bulimia nervosa

- what is it defined by

A
  • Recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of becoming fat. Usually followed by self induced vomiting or purging. Can be taking emetics (agent that causes vomiting)
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14
Q

Binge eating disorder

- how is it different from bulimia

A
  • patient does not purge after eating
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15
Q

Female athlete triad

  • characterised by (3)?
  • what condition can this cause?
  • how can this condition impact the human body if left untreated (2)
  • what can it lead to (5)
A
  • Disordered eating, intense exercise, emotional stress all combined can suppress hormones that control the menstrual cycle
  • 3 consecutive months of missed cycle = amenorrhea (condition)
  • Prolonged amenorrhea can lead to drop in bone density and osteoporosis
  • Lead to decreased physical performance, increased bone fracture possibility, disturbances of heart rhythm, metabolism, and death
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16
Q

define: essential fat (2)

A
  • required fat for normal physiological functions
  • structural component of cell membranes; required for synthesis of certain hormones, transport of fat soluble vitamins, etc
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17
Q

define: storage fat and give location

A
  • fat stored in adipose tissue for energy supply purposes

- located underneath skin in abdominal cavity and around certain organs

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18
Q 
compare the average male to a female in terms of: 
height
weight
muscle mass
body fat content
A

taller, heavier, larger muscle mass, lower body fat content

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: males and females ages 20-24

  • storage fat female___, male ___

- essential fat female ___, male ___

A
  • 15%; 12%;

- 12%; 3%;

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20
Q

where do females have sex specific fat deposits? (3)

A
  • breasts, pelvis, thighs, etc
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21
Q

male obesity: state fat disposition, name of deposition pattern

A
  • upper torso and abdomen

- android shape (apple)1

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22
Q

female obesity: state fat disposition, name of deposition pattern; explain the change in fat disposition after menopause

A
  • waist thigh hips butt
  • gynoid shape (pear)
  • post menopause more fat deposits in the abdominal area
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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The combination of ______________ is one of the largest epidemics the
world has faced. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing
around the world and the obese are becoming more severely obese.

A
  • diabetes and obesity
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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Obesity now ranks as the ______ leading cause of preventable deaths in the
USA – about _______ deaths yearly.
Obese individuals with a BMI of ____ or larger can expect about a ___ year
decrease in longevity. Survival rates progressively increase as BMI
decreases

A
  • second
  • 330,000
  • 30
  • 7
25
Q

Obese children become obese adults. Obese children at ages _____ have a _____ chance of becoming obese as adults - a risk __ times than that of
children of healthy weight. An obese child costs the health care system
about ___ times more than a child of normal weight.

A
  • 6 to 9 years old
  • 55%
  • 10
  • 3
26
Q

Fill in the blank: In the past dozen years, scientists have discovered that ______ is not simply a __________ for fat, but an endocrine organ that secretes more than a dozen ________________ that trigger changes throughout the body. When fat cells expand they release more of some of these compounds and less of others. Examples: _________ etc.

A
  • adipose tissue
  • passive storehouse
  • peptide and non peptide compounds
  • leptin, inflammatory proteins, etc
27
Q

causes of obesity epidemic

A
  • more energy intake than expenditure
  • decreased physical activity
  • increased consumption of calories
  • social environment
  • genetics
  • viruses (research pending)
28
Q

Define NEAT

A
  • non exercise activity thermogenesis
  • energy expended by physical activity other than planned exercise: sitting, walking, standing, fidgeting, etc
  • obese people generally do less NEAT than fit people
29
Q

What are some of the “symptoms” of aging in a prosperous society

A
  • increased fat mass
  • decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)
  • decreased bone mass
30
Q

What is the likely cause of elderly women bone fragility?

A
  • failure to obtain optimal level of bone mass during childhood
31
Q

How do you delay the onset of the “symptoms” of aging in a prosperous society?

A
  • regular exercise and proper exercise
32
Q

What are the 2 common techniques for assessing body composition?

A
  • direct methods: chemical analysis of human cadavers

- indirect methods: noninvasive techniques used on living persons

33
Q

Height and weight table: explain its use and 3 criticisms

A
  • predicts desirable weight in regards to lowest death rates
    criticisms:
  • do not consider body composition
  • most of data was compiled using middle class white population; not representative of general North American population
  • no accepted method has been used to determine frame size
34
Q

give the equation for bone density

A
  • density= mass/volume
35
Q

What was the original way to measure body volume? What has it been replaced by?

A
  • underwater weighing/ volumetry
  • air displacement plethysmography (AKA BOD POD method); subject is immersed in a closed air filled chamber and the volume of displaced air is measured
36
Q

How do you determine body fat using body density? What 2 assumptions must be made?

A
  • use underwater weighing/ BODPOD and then use an equation to determine percentage
  • to use these equations you must assume the human body has 2 compartments: fat and non fat
  • AND each of these components have densities which are known constants (fat: .9g/ml nonfat: 1.10g/ml)
37
Q

Fill in the blank: For decades ____________ has been used as a universal method for validating ______ formulae and all other methods (ie) it has been
used as the __________

A
  • hydrostatic weighing
  • skinfold caliper
  • gold standard
38
Q

What is the problem with assuming the nonfat density value is a constant?

A
  • studies have shown this is untrue. the non fat compartment varies as a function of age, sex, and racial group
39
Q

define: BMI and state the BMI for someone who is underweight, overweight, and obese AND in their 20s-70s

A
  • index that divides body mass by height squared; indicator of obesity
    BMI less than 18.5 = underweight
    BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 = overweight
    BMI of 30 or higher = obese
40
Q

can you use BMI for children?

A
  • not really; children grow and develop and their bmi will change accordingly. Only very extreme BMIs (1-4% and 95%+ percentiles) are indicators of weight problems
41
Q

Fill in the blank: Recent research evidence indicates that these BMI ______ may need
_____ because the relationship between ____________, and
between _____________,
differs across ethnic groups. For example, Asian populations have a higher
body fat percentage at a lower BMI compared to Caucasians.

A
  • cutoff points
  • revision
  • BMI and body composition
  • indices of fat distribution and the actual amount of visceral fat
42
Q

Fill in the blank: A 2007 study in Vancouver found that, for the same amount of total body fat, __________ people had a far greater concentration in their
______, where it poses the greatest risk for _______.

A
  • Chinese and South Asian
  • inner abdomen
  • diabetes and heart
    disease
43
Q

Criticise BMI

A
  • not necessarily associated with body fat all the time; you can be over the average weight for your height but be not “over fat”
  • think of elite athletes who are bigger than normal but most of it is muscle
44
Q

More research has shown what to be a better predictor of obesity related health risks than BMI?

A
  • waist circumference and/or waist to hip ratio
45
Q

Waist circumference measurement

- explain its advantages (3)

A
  • simple, inexpensive, effective assessment for central obesity
  • excellent correlation with abdominal imaging (CT and MRI)
  • high association with CVD risk and mortality
46
Q

What is the recommended location for waist circumference measurements

A
  • iliac crest
47
Q

Why do we take skinfold measurements?

A
  • there exists a relationship between fat located in the depots directly beneath the skin AND the internal body fat and body density
48
Q

What are the two ways to use skinfold measurements?

A
  • calculate the sum of many skinfold measurements and compare them after a period of time (measuring fat loss in an individual)
  • use in conjunction with equations or tables to predict body fat %
49
Q

What are the assumptions you must make when predicting body fat % using skinfold measurements?

A
  • Constant densities in 2 compartment model
  • Proper identification of measurement site and proper measurement technique
  • Constant compressibility of skinfold
  • Fixed adipose tissue patterning
  • Fixed proportion of internal to external fat
50
Q

What are the 2 types of body fat % equations? Explain a bit about each. What is their error %?

A
  1. Population specific equations:
    Application is limited because equation is developed from a small and specific sample group
  2. Generalised equations:
    Should not be applied to unique populations (extremely obese or extremely fit individuals)
    - 3-5%
51
Q

Why should body fat % equations take into account age when using skinfold measurements?

A
  • older individuals have proportionally more fat deposits internally than subcutaneously.
52
Q

What does CSEP PATH stand for? What does it use to assess health risks associated with body composition?

A
  • Canadian society for exercise physiology physical activity training for health
  • Uses BMI and waist circumference to provide an assessment of an individuals health risks associated with body composition
53
Q

What is bioelectrical impedance? Where is impedance greater?

A
  • a device that measures body composition using the electrical resistance in the body
  • impedance is greater in adipose tissue (which is 14-22% water) than in bone and muscle (71-75% water)
54
Q

How does a bioelectrical impedence test take place? What does the reading mean?

A
  • electrodes are attached to the subject and a low level electrical current (500-800 microamps at 50kHz) is passed through the subjects body
  • the higher the electrical resistance the fatter the subject
55
Q

What can impact the results of a bioelectrical impedance analysis?

A
  • daily fluctuations in water content due to exercise, dehydration, eating
    and drinking
56
Q

What do fat prediction equations tend to mess up in lean and obese individuals?

A
  • overestimate fat mass in lean individuals

- underestimate fat mass in the obese

57
Q

List the other methods for calculating body composition (7)

A
  1. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
  2. Computerized tomography (CT)
  3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  4. Total body water/ hydrometry
  5. Ultrasound
  6. Total body potassium
  7. Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR)
58
Q

What is the current gold standard for adipose tissue and lean body mass measurement? (3) Why?

A
  • CT, MRI, DEXA
  • can distinguish between subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue unlike waist circumference measurements

BPK 142 Lecture Flashcards (13 decks)

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