Done digestion, heart Flashcards
Biles two function:
○ Emulsifies lipids to smaller droplets
Increases surface area for lipase activity
increases rate of hydrolysis
Forms micelles
Bile shell around monoglycerides and fatty acids to keep dissolved in ileum contents
Transports digestion products to cell membrane for absorption
Absorption of AA/ glucose
1 - NA AT out of epithelium cells into blood by sodium potassium pump - uses ATP
2- NA conc gradient created, high inside ilium, low in epithelium cell
3- AA/ Glucose are cotransported into epithelium cells with NA
- AA/ G move against conc gradient
- NA moves down conc gradient
4- G/ AA move via facilitated diffusion from epithelium cells to blood
Illum adapations
micelle - move FA and G to epitheiulim cells - plum
- very long
VILLI - finger like projections
- thin walls - 1 cell thick - short diffusion distance
- good blood supply - lots of capillaries - maintain diffusions gradient
- increases SA for diffusion
- MICRO VILLi
Absorption of lipids
BIle- micelle
FA and G simply diffuse across the membrane into cell
Then go to smooth endoplasmic reticulum- recombined form triglycerides
TO Golgi - Trigylcerieds associate with chloroesrtol and lipoprotein to form chylomicrons
- transported by vesicles to CSM and released by extocytosis
- enters lacteal - transport lipids via lymphatic vessels into blood vessels
Endopeptidases
Hydrolyses peptide bond sin middle region of polypeptide chain
Exopeptidases
Hydrolyses peptide bonds on terminal amino acid
Membrane bound dipeptidases
Hydrolyses dipeptidases into 2 Amino acids
Digestive enzymes
active site, specific teriratry structure, can only bind to, form enzymes substrate complexes
lipids bonds
ester bonds
starch bonds
glycosidic bonds
Suggest and explain why the combined action of endopeptidases and exopeptides are more efficient than exopeptidase on their own
(Def of each)
then..
More ends
increase in surface area
The addition of a respiratory inhibitor stops the absorption of amino acids. Use the diagram about cotransport to explain why?
less ATP
NO active transport
Sodium not moved into cell
NO diffusion gradient for sodium
NO concentration gradient for sodium
Which process is by which fatty acids and glycerol enter the intestinal epithelium cell
Diffusion
Explain the advantages of lipids droplet and micelle formation
Droplots increases surface area
so faster hydrolysis
Micelle carry fatty acids and glycerol through membrane to cell
How is the Golgi involved in the absorption of lipids
Modifies/ processes triglycerides
Combines triglycerides with protein
Packaged for release/ exocytosis
Forms vesicles
Test for lipids
Dissolve in alcohol, then add water
White emulsion shows presence of lipids
Explain why this lipid is unsaturated
contains double bond between adjacent carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain
How to calculate percentage by mass of lipid
DIvide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids
then x100
AWAY=
arteries
Atrium
thin walled
elastic
stretches as collects blood
Venticles
higher pressure
thicker walled
has to contract strongly to pump blood further distances - body or lungs
Hydrostatic pressure
of tissue fluid outside the capillaries, which resists towards movement of liquid.
The lower the water potential
of the blood, due to the plasma proteins, that causes water to move back into the blood within the capillaries
Formation of tissue fluid
In capillaries the hydrostatic pressure is higher at the arterial end
This pushes fluid out of the cappilaires
It is opposed by the WP of the blood
- lower that that of tissue fluid and lower than hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid
Overall fluid is forced out from the capillaries by ultrafiltration
- only pushes small molecules (not cells and protein)
Return of tissue fluid
Further along the capillary, at the venous end, the hydrostatic pressure falls
Formation of tissue fluid reduces the water potential of the blood slightly, because the plasma proteins cannot cross the basement membrane, but the volume of water has decreased
So fluid moves into the capillary, but some tissue fluid (around 10%) drains into the lymphatic system
Cardiac output defintion
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of heart in 1 min
stroke volume defintion
Volume of blood pumped out at each beat
Suppling heart muscle with o2
heart muscle - supplied by own blood vessel
coronary artery- blockage
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - heart attack - derived of blood - aerobic respiration
Blood chlorestol
High density of lipoproteins - removes cholorestol from tissues - helps protect arteries
Low density of lipoproteins - transports from liver to tissues - artery wall - atheroma forms
smoking risk of caridovasuclar disease
co combines irrevisbly with haem
Carboxyhaemoglin
High blood pressure risk of cardiovascular disease
already high at arteries
- heart working harder - prone to failure
- anerurysm - weakening walls- burst - hameophage
artery walls become thicker - resitstcts blood flow
Diastole
relaxation
1- Blood returns to artia
2- Through pulmonary vein from lungs or vena cava from body
3- Artia fills
4- Pressure rises
5- When pressure exceeds that in ventricle
6- AV valves open - blood passes into ventricles - aided by gravity
7- Muscular wall of atria and ventricle relaxes
8- Recoils and reduces pressure in ventricles
9- pressure lower that aorta and pulmonary artery so semi lunar valves close
10- “dub” sound
Artial systole
1- Contraction of atrial wall
2- Recoil of relaxed ventricles wall
3- Forces remaining blood into ventricles from atria
4- Ventricle wall remains relaxed
(contraction of atria)
Ventricular systole
1- Short delay allows ventricle to fill with blood
2- walls contract simultaneously
3- Increase blood pressure
4- Forcing shut AV valvues
5- prevents back flow of blood to atria
6- Lub valve closing
7- AV valve closed pressure ventricle increases
8- once exceeds that of aorta and pulmonary artery blood forced from ventricles to vessels
9- Ventricle has thick muscular wall, contracting forcefully
10 - high pressure for blood around whole body
11- right ventricle = thin - only pumps to lungs
Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid
Contraction of ventricles produces high blood pressure
This forces water out of blood cappliaries
Explain 4 ways in which the structure of the aorta is related to its function
Elastic tissue allows stretching/ recoiling so maintains pressure
Elastic tissue stretches when ventricles contract and recoils when ventricles relax
Thick walls withstands pressure and stops bursting
Smooth endothelim reduces friction
Semi lunar valves prevent back flow
haemoglobin low affinity
Low affinity of o2 = more o2 unloaded= rapid respiration
changing shape of haemoglub
Lowe pp of 02
little increase in saturation
02 increases
rapid rise as easier for 02 to bind
curve shifts to right
lower affinity of 02
more o2 un loaded at respire g cells
more respiration
% saturated of haemoglobin with o2 equation
oxygenated haemboin/ maximin saturation x100
larger increase of haemgoibn
more 02 carried
ATP in translation
A
1- releases energy
2- Peptide bonds form between AA
3- AA join to tRNA
Meosis key words (6marker)
A
2- divisions - meiosis 1, meios 2
DNA Replication in late interphase
Seperation of homologous chromosoemes - 1st division
Seperation of sister chromatids - 2nd division
produce 4 haploid cells
Independent segregation
When homologous Paris separate in meiosis 1 randomly
Crossing over
Different combination of alleles
Different r group
different bonds form
different tertiary structure
Gene mutation
involves a change in DNA base sequence of chromosomes
randomly
during DNA replication
