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Biology A level > Done digestion, heart > Flashcards

Done digestion, heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Biles two function:

A

○ Emulsifies lipids to smaller droplets
Increases surface area for lipase activity
increases rate of hydrolysis

Forms micelles
Bile shell around monoglycerides and fatty acids to keep dissolved in ileum contents
Transports digestion products to cell membrane for absorption

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1
Q

Absorption of AA/ glucose

A

1 - NA AT out of epithelium cells into blood by sodium potassium pump - uses ATP

2- NA conc gradient created, high inside ilium, low in epithelium cell

3- AA/ Glucose are cotransported into epithelium cells with NA
- AA/ G move against conc gradient
- NA moves down conc gradient

4- G/ AA move via facilitated diffusion from epithelium cells to blood

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2
Q

Illum adapations

A

micelle - move FA and G to epitheiulim cells - plum

  • very long
    VILLI
  • finger like projections
  • thin walls - 1 cell thick - short diffusion distance
  • good blood supply - lots of capillaries - maintain diffusions gradient
  • increases SA for diffusion
  • MICRO VILLi
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3
Q

Absorption of lipids

A

BIle- micelle

FA and G simply diffuse across the membrane into cell
Then go to smooth endoplasmic reticulum- recombined form triglycerides
TO Golgi - Trigylcerieds associate with chloroesrtol and lipoprotein to form chylomicrons
- transported by vesicles to CSM and released by extocytosis
- enters lacteal - transport lipids via lymphatic vessels into blood vessels

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4
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Hydrolyses peptide bond sin middle region of polypeptide chain

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5
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Hydrolyses peptide bonds on terminal amino acid

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6
Q

Membrane bound dipeptidases

A

Hydrolyses dipeptidases into 2 Amino acids

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7
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

active site, specific teriratry structure, can only bind to, form enzymes substrate complexes

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8
Q

lipids bonds

A

ester bonds

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9
Q

starch bonds

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

Suggest and explain why the combined action of endopeptidases and exopeptides are more efficient than exopeptidase on their own

A

(Def of each)

then..
More ends
increase in surface area

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11
Q

The addition of a respiratory inhibitor stops the absorption of amino acids. Use the diagram about cotransport to explain why?

A

less ATP
NO active transport
Sodium not moved into cell
NO diffusion gradient for sodium
NO concentration gradient for sodium

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12
Q

Which process is by which fatty acids and glycerol enter the intestinal epithelium cell

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

Explain the advantages of lipids droplet and micelle formation

A

Droplots increases surface area
so faster hydrolysis
Micelle carry fatty acids and glycerol through membrane to cell

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14
Q

How is the Golgi involved in the absorption of lipids

A

Modifies/ processes triglycerides
Combines triglycerides with protein
Packaged for release/ exocytosis
Forms vesicles

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15
Q

Test for lipids

A

Dissolve in alcohol, then add water
White emulsion shows presence of lipids

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16
Q

Explain why this lipid is unsaturated

A

contains double bond between adjacent carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chain

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17
Q

How to calculate percentage by mass of lipid

A

DIvide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids
then x100

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18
Q

AWAY=

A

arteries

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19
Q

Atrium

A

thin walled
elastic
stretches as collects blood

20
Q

Venticles

A

higher pressure
thicker walled
has to contract strongly to pump blood further distances - body or lungs

21
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

of tissue fluid outside the capillaries, which resists towards movement of liquid.

22
Q

The lower the water potential

A

of the blood, due to the plasma proteins, that causes water to move back into the blood within the capillaries

23
Q

Formation of tissue fluid

A

In capillaries the hydrostatic pressure is higher at the arterial end

This pushes fluid out of the cappilaires

It is opposed by the WP of the blood
- lower that that of tissue fluid and lower than hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid

Overall fluid is forced out from the capillaries by ultrafiltration

  • only pushes small molecules (not cells and protein)
24
Q

Return of tissue fluid

A

Further along the capillary, at the venous end, the hydrostatic pressure falls

Formation of tissue fluid reduces the water potential of the blood slightly, because the plasma proteins cannot cross the basement membrane, but the volume of water has decreased

So fluid moves into the capillary, but some tissue fluid (around 10%) drains into the lymphatic system

25
Q

Cardiac output defintion

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of heart in 1 min

26
Q

stroke volume defintion

A

Volume of blood pumped out at each beat

27
Q

Suppling heart muscle with o2

A

heart muscle - supplied by own blood vessel
coronary artery- blockage

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION - heart attack - derived of blood - aerobic respiration

28
Q

Blood chlorestol

A

High density of lipoproteins - removes cholorestol from tissues - helps protect arteries

Low density of lipoproteins - transports from liver to tissues - artery wall - atheroma forms

29
Q

smoking risk of caridovasuclar disease

A

co combines irrevisbly with haem

Carboxyhaemoglin

30
Q

High blood pressure risk of cardiovascular disease

A

already high at arteries
- heart working harder - prone to failure

  • anerurysm - weakening walls- burst - hameophage

artery walls become thicker - resitstcts blood flow

31
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation

1- Blood returns to artia
2- Through pulmonary vein from lungs or vena cava from body
3- Artia fills
4- Pressure rises
5- When pressure exceeds that in ventricle
6- AV valves open - blood passes into ventricles - aided by gravity
7- Muscular wall of atria and ventricle relaxes
8- Recoils and reduces pressure in ventricles
9- pressure lower that aorta and pulmonary artery so semi lunar valves close
10- “dub” sound

32
Q

Artial systole

A

1- Contraction of atrial wall
2- Recoil of relaxed ventricles wall
3- Forces remaining blood into ventricles from atria
4- Ventricle wall remains relaxed

(contraction of atria)

33
Q

Ventricular systole

A

1- Short delay allows ventricle to fill with blood
2- walls contract simultaneously
3- Increase blood pressure
4- Forcing shut AV valvues
5- prevents back flow of blood to atria
6- Lub valve closing
7- AV valve closed pressure ventricle increases
8- once exceeds that of aorta and pulmonary artery blood forced from ventricles to vessels
9- Ventricle has thick muscular wall, contracting forcefully
10 - high pressure for blood around whole body
11- right ventricle = thin - only pumps to lungs

34
Q

Explain the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid

A

Contraction of ventricles produces high blood pressure
This forces water out of blood cappliaries

35
Q

Explain 4 ways in which the structure of the aorta is related to its function

A

Elastic tissue allows stretching/ recoiling so maintains pressure

Elastic tissue stretches when ventricles contract and recoils when ventricles relax

Thick walls withstands pressure and stops bursting

Smooth endothelim reduces friction

Semi lunar valves prevent back flow

36
Q

haemoglobin low affinity

A

Low affinity of o2 = more o2 unloaded= rapid respiration

37
Q

changing shape of haemoglub

A

Lowe pp of 02
little increase in saturation
02 increases
rapid rise as easier for 02 to bind

38
Q

curve shifts to right

A

lower affinity of 02

more o2 un loaded at respire g cells
more respiration

39
Q

% saturated of haemoglobin with o2 equation

A

oxygenated haemboin/ maximin saturation x100

40
Q

larger increase of haemgoibn

A

more 02 carried

41
Q

ATP in translation

A

A
1- releases energy
2- Peptide bonds form between AA
3- AA join to tRNA

42
Q

Meosis key words (6marker)

A

A
2- divisions - meiosis 1, meios 2

DNA Replication in late interphase

Seperation of homologous chromosoemes - 1st division

Seperation of sister chromatids - 2nd division

produce 4 haploid cells

43
Q

Independent segregation

A

When homologous Paris separate in meiosis 1 randomly

44
Q

Crossing over

A

Different combination of alleles

45
Q

Different r group

A

different bonds form
different tertiary structure

46
Q

Gene mutation

A

involves a change in DNA base sequence of chromosomes
randomly

during DNA replication

47
Q
A

Biology A level (23 decks)

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