DOMAIN I: Competency 1

Question 1

the sound system of a language.

Answer 1

phonology

Question 2

the smallest unit of sound.

Answer 2

phoneme

Question 3

the study of speech sounds, how they are produced, and their representation by a written symbol.

Answer 3

phonetics

Question 4

a method for teaching reading and writing through phonemic awareness.

Answer 4

phonics

Question 5

the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes.

Answer 5

phonemic awareness

Question 6

the letter to sound correspondence or grapheme-phoneme relationship.

Answer 6

alphabetic principle

Question 7

a variation of the phoneme that occur in speech.

Answer 7

allophone

Question 8

means parts of the vocal tract that are used to produce a sound.
(bilabial, labiodental, dental, tongue, palatal, glottis, etc.)

Answer 8

place of articulation

Question 9

refers to the way in which the airstream is modified in the vocal tract.
(oral and nasal; stops, fricatives, affricates, etc.)

Answer 9

manner of articulation

Question 10

voiced sounds occur when the vocal cords wibrate when the sound is produced.

ELLs may find it difficult to feel the difference between a voiced and voiceless sound. fan/van, right/light, pig/big

Answer 10

voicing

Question 11

two words that differ in one or two sounds.

sheep and ship

Answer 11

minimal pairs

Question 12

tendency in English to simplify and link words togehter in the stream of speech, in order to help the language flow rhythmically.

“I agree.” sounds like “aiyagree”

Answer 12

connected speech

Question 13

the structure analysis of words.

Answer 13

morphology

Question 14

the study of the meaning units in a language such as root words, affixes, parts of speech, intonations and stresses, or implied context.

Answer 14

morphology

Question 15

un, in, re, micro, after, non

Answer 15

prefixes

Question 16

s, able, y, es, ing, tion, ed, ing, ive

Answer 16

suffixes

Question 17

sequences of sounds that form the smallest units of meaning in a language.

cat and s

Answer 17

morphemes

Question 18

cat (can stand alone)

Answer 18

free morpheme

Question 19

cat s (s cannot stand alone)

Answer 19

bound morpheme

Question 20

words in two languages that share a smiliar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation.

found in all content area subjects.

Answer 20

cognates

Question 21

children at first may overgeneralize grammatical rules.

when a student learns suffix -ed for past-tense verb forms, they may say: goed (went), runned (ran), eated (ate).

Answer 21

overgeneralization

Question 22

phrase and sentence structure.

Answer 22

syntax

Question 23

the structure of sentences and the rules that govern their correctness.

Answer 23

syntax

Question 24

(parts of speech, phrases, clauses, and sentence structure) rules determine meaning of sentences.

Answer 24

grammar

Question 25

the way we process (comprehend and remember) units of language (spoken or written-lectures, narrative or expository texts).

Answer 25

**discourse**

Question 26

subject-verb-object (SVO)

Answer 26

**word order for english**

Question 27

word and sentence meaning.

Answer 27

**semantics**

Question 28

the study of meanings of individual words and of larger units such as, phrases and sentences.

Answer 28

**semantics**

Question 29

effect of context on language.

Answer 29

**pragmatics**

Question 30

the area of language function that embraces the use of language in social contexts (knowing what to say, how to say it, and when to say it).

Answer 30

**pragmatics**

Question 31

a specific reason to use language to meet a specific need or desire. ## Footnote examples: request, give directions, complain, invite, inform, etc.

Answer 31

**language function**

Question 32

the intersection of language and society. ## Footnote how does language reflect society? how does language shape society?

Answer 32

**sociolinguistics**

Question 33

expressions of non-verbal behavior are not universal and often can cause misunderstandings. ## Footnote include body language, gestures, social distance, eye contact, touching, volume of voice, pointing and smiles.

Answer 33

**nonverbal communication**

Question 34

refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers that most often tied to regional speech patterns.

Answer 34

**dialect**

Question 35

a social dialect (speech variety) spoken by a paticular social class group. (ebonics)

Answer 35

**sociolect**

Question 36

language skills needed in social situations. * "informal english * day-to-day language * **language skills usually develop within 6 months-2 years after** arrival in the U.S. * not related to academic achievement | LINGUISTIC REGISTER ## Footnote they are not very demanding cognitively.

Answer 36

basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS)

Question 37

refers to **formal academic learning.** this includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. * "formal english" * this level of language learning is essential for students to succeed in school. * it takes 5-7 years to acquire; if a child has no prior schooling or has no support in native language development, it may take **7-10 years** to catch up. * **academic language acquisition** is not just understanding of content area vocabulary. it includes skills such as, **comparing, classifying, synthesizing, evaluating, and inferring**. | LINGUISTIC REGISTER

Answer 37

**cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)**