COMPETENCY 1 TERMINOLOGY

Question 1

a general concept formed by extracting common features from specific examples.

Answer 1

abstraction

Question 2

any of the variant forms of a mopheme.

EX: the phonetic (s) of cats (kts), (z) of pigs (pgz)

Answer 2

allomorph

Question 3

a predictable phonetic variant oa a phoneme.

EX: the aspirated t of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt of batter are allophones of the English phoneme /t/. this phoneme can make three different sounds depending on its location in the word.

Answer 3

allophone

Question 4

refers to an understanding that the letters in written words represent the phonemes in spoken words.

Answer 4

alphabetic prinicipal

Question 5

the act of saying or pronouncing something in a way that can be clearly heard and understood. some ELLs learning a new language struggle with the articulation of new sounds.

Answer 5

articulation

Question 6

refers to the puff of air that follows the pronunciation of certain sounds.

Answer 6

aspiration

Question 7

known as “social or informal English.”
language skills needed to interact in social situations, for example, when speaking to a friend on the telephone.
refers primarily to context-bound, face-to-face communication, like the language first learned by ELLs which is used in everyday social interaction.
it takes 2-3 years to acquire this level of communicative skills.

Answer 7

basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS)

Question 8

a morpheme that cannot be used as an independent word (-est, -ly, pre-, etc.)

EX: suffixes and prefixes

Answer 8

bound morpheme

Question 9

(n.) indirect and wordy language (the student’s habit of speaking in circumlocutions made it difficult to understand him.)

Answer 9

circumlocution

Question 10

words in two languages that share a smiliar meaning, spelling, and pronunication.
while English may share very few cognates with a language. Cognate awareness is the ability to use cognates in a primary language as a tool for understanding a second language.

Answer 10

cognates

Question 11

a language-related term which refers to formal academic learning or “formal or academic English”.
academic language acquisition isn’t just the understanding of content area vocabulary. it includes skills such as comparing, classifying, synthesizing, evaluating, and inferring.
academic language tasks are context refuxed and it takes 5-7 years to acquire CALP.

Answer 11

cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)

Question 12

defines a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. for ELLs, this is a key to producing natural-sounding language.

EX: phrases such as, “take a seat,” “take a chance,” or “take care.”

Answer 12

collocations

Question 13

refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word.

EX: the word “snake” could include evil or danger not necessarily a reptile.

Answer 13

connotation

Question 14

refers to the literal meaning of a word, or the “dictionary definition.”

Answer 14

denotation

Question 15

sociolinguists also study - any regional, social or ethnic variety of a language.

Answer 15

dialect

Question 16

in traditional analysis, words in literal expressions denote what they mean according to common or dictionary usuage, while the words in figurative expressions connote - they add layers of meaning.
sometimes what you mean is not exactly what you say - figurative language, using words in different ways -
personification, alleration, assonance, hyperbole, onomatopoeia, metaphor, and simile. the use of idioms are also an example.

EX. “hit the road” means to get going not literally to “hit” the road.

Answer 16

figurative language

Question 17

a morpheme that is stand alone word (free, boy, told, etc).

Answer 17

free morpheme

Question 18

a “spelling unit.”

Answer 18

grapheme

Question 19

the language used by one individual.

Answer 19

idolect

Question 20

a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.

Answer 20

international phonetic alphabet (IPA)

Question 21

the type of connection or trarnsition between two phonemes (I scream, ice cream).

Answer 21

juncture

Question 22

pairs of words in a language, which differ in only one phonological element, such as the pair “let” or “lit.”

Answer 22

minimal pairs

Question 23

refers to recognizing the presence and of morphemes (the smallest meaning units in language) in words.

EX: knowing that the meanings of the following words are related: create, creation, creative, creator, or recreate.

Answer 23

morphological awareness

Question 24

the study of morphemes. the structure of words and the study of this structure.

EX: “unknowingly” might yield four components: un-know-ing-ly

Answer 24

morphology

Question 25

the smallest unit of a meaningful sound. the word “rich” has three: /r/ /i/ /ch/

Answer 25

phoneme

Question 26

not phonics.
the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds in spoken words. before children learn to read print, they need to become more aware of how the sounds in words work. they must understand that words are made up of speech sounds, or phonemes (the smallest parts of sound in a spoken word that make a difference in a word’s meaning).

Answer 26

phonemic awareness

Question 27

a method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters in an alphabetic writing system.

Answer 27

phonics

Question 28

the study of how sounds are organized and used in a language.

Answer 28

phonology