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Personal CPP > Domain 5 - Physical Security > Flashcards

Domain 5 - Physical Security Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of physical security

A

Access Control, Deterrence, Detection, Assessment, Delay, Response, Evidence

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2
Q

what does LiDAR stand for

A

light detection and ranging

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3
Q

what does security survey place emphasis on

A

vulnerabilities

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4
Q

what is a MoSCoW analysis

A

an organizational framework that helps clarify and prioritize deliverables for a project; Must have, Should have, Could have, Won’t Have

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5
Q

what is a fishbone diagram

A

a cause and effect diagram, helps brainstorm possible causes and sort

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6
Q

what is overpressure

A

the resulting amount of pressure from a blast above the ambient values

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7
Q

security zone terms from less to more secure

A

perimeter, nonexclusive zone, exclusive zone

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8
Q

how thick and what material are typical exterior doors?

A

1 3/4” thick with 16 or 18 gauge steel surface sheets

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9
Q

what is a composite door

A

contains noncombustible sound-deadening material, usually polyurethane foam or slab

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10
Q

power tool door time

A

3 minutes

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11
Q

lock picking time

A

1 minute

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12
Q

what are louvers

A

slats in door for air and light

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13
Q

what are astragals

A

trim applied to the edge of a door to cover the gap between two leaves (around lock area)

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14
Q

This is regular glass, manufactured to control residual stresses such that it can be subjected to fabrication. Regular plate, float, sheet, rolled, and some patterned surface glasses are examples; breaks into large shards

A

annealed or plate glass

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15
Q

this type of glass is treated to resist breakage and fragments into small pieces

A

tempered glass

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16
Q

this type of glass provides some resistance against large objects and is often required for windows to maintain fire codes in doors

A

wired glass

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17
Q

this glass is composed of two sheets of ordinary glass bonded to a middle layer or layers of plastic sheeting material. When it is stressed or struck, it may crack and break, but the pieces of glass tend to adhere to the plastic material.; it is the preferred glass time for mitigating blast forces (security glass of this tiype takes 15 minutes with hand tools to get a person through)

A

laminated glass

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18
Q

this type of glass is laminated and consists of multiple plies of glass, polycarbonate, and other plastic films to provide many levels of ballistic resistance.

A

bullet/burglar resistant

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19
Q

what type of plastics can easily be broken with a hand tool

A

acrylic plastics

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20
Q

what type of plastics resist impact nearly as well as bullet resistant glass

A

polycarbonate plastics

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21
Q

this contains a tough core of polycarbonate between two layers of glass; It can provide significant resistance (in terms of delay) against attacks using hand tools and similar devices.

A

Glass/polycarbonate composite glazing

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22
Q

what does frangible mean

A

fragile/brittle

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23
Q

this adheres to interior surface of glass, strengthens and holds glass in place if broken

A

window film

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24
Q

what is more effective as a security measure than a roof itself

A

barriers placed 10-12” below roof

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25
Q

these are made of reinforced fabrics that provide protection from flying materials in an explosion

A

blast curtains

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26
Q

rollup or horizontal interlocking slats (aluminum or polyvinyl chloride) or accordion type w/ vertical slates

A

security shutters

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27
Q

these barriers are like on base where one end lifts up

A

wedge barriers

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28
Q

these t-shaped barriers are used on highways and are ineffective against attacks at ground level

A

jersey barriers

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29
Q

what is a B-rate safe

A

essentially any box with a lock on it

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30
Q

what are TL-15/TL-30 safes

A

weren’t broken into within the 15/30 minutes provided

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31
Q

What are the 5 types of mechanical locks

A

Warded lock - see-through keyway with long barrel key, older homes
Lever Lock - filing cabinets, allows master key
Pin Tumbler Lock - most common in US
Wafer Tumbler Lock
Dial Combination Lock - there are now electric versions too

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32
Q

what is a surreptitious attack on a lock

A

picking or manipulating the lock with various tools

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33
Q

what are the 4 types of electirifed locking mechanisms

A

Electric Deadbolt - oldest and simplest; solenoid (electromagnet) moves deadbolt; not recommended for emergency exit

Electric Latch - solenoid with beveled latch instead of deadbolt

Electric Strike

Electromagnetic lock - inherently failsafe, aka maglock

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34
Q

what is the most common method for access restriction

A

traditional lock and key

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35
Q

What are SCADA systems

A

supervisory control and data acquisition systems, often used by building owner to control settings/operations of the utilities within a facility (must also be protected

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36
Q

this type of crime prevention shifts focus from offenders to the environment

A

situational

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37
Q

what type of lamps are good for parking lots and cctv due to long life and good color retention (white light)

A

metal hallide

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38
Q

when security needs to be discussed, this is where the architect learns about requirements and plans initial things like basic building materials

A

Architectural programming

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39
Q

These lamps operate by passing an electric current through a tungsten wire that becomes white hot and produces light. These are the least efficient and the most expensive to operate, and they have a short life span.

A

incandescent

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40
Q

These are incandescent bulbs filled with halogen gas. They provide about 25 percent better efficiency and life than ordinary incandescent bulbs.

A

halogen and quartz halogen

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41
Q

These lamps pass electricity through a gas enclosed in a glass tube to produce 40 to 80 lumens of light. They develop twice the light and less than half the heat of an incandescent bulb of equal wattage, but they do not produce high levels of light output. They are not used extensively outdoors, except for signs.

A

fluorescent

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42
Q

These lamps also produce light by passing a current through a gas. They take several minutes to produce full light output, and they have poor color rendition for video surveillance because of the bluish light they cast, but they have a long life.

A

mercury vapor

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43
Q

Another form of gaseous lamp, they are often used at sports stadiums because they imitate daylight conditions and colors appear natural. For the same reason, they work well with video surveillance systems. However, they are the most expensive lamp type to install and maintain.

A

metal halide

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44
Q

These lamps are energy efficient and have a long lifespan, but they suffer from poor color rendition. They are often applied on streets and parking lots, and their particular quality of light enables people to see more detail at greater distances in fog.

A

high-pressure sodium

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45
Q

These lamps are even more efficient than high-pressure sodium, but they are expensive to maintain and provide poor color rendition for video surveillance systems.

A

low-pressure sodium

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46
Q

These lamps furnish a highly cost-effective alternative that lasts longer without sacrificing illumination.

A

LED

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47
Q

These lamps have a long life and, like fluorescent lamps, are used mainly indoors, except for parking structures, underpasses, and tunnels.

A

Induction

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48
Q

can be invisible to the naked eye but is useful for video scene illumination.

A

Infrared

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49
Q

what are lumens

A

the quantity of light emitted by a lamp

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50
Q

what is illuminance and what are the units of measurement

A

how the light needed for a scene is measured; concentration of light over particular area; measured in lux or foot candles; represents the number of lumens per square meter or foot. One foot-candle is equal to 10.76 lux (often approximated to a ratio of 1:10)

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51
Q

what is reflectance

A

Measured by quantity of light going in vs coming back, varies on materials and their age; affected by non-white lights

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52
Q

what is corrected collor temperature (CCT)

A

a measure of the warmth or coolness of a light red

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53
Q

What is color rendition index (CRI) and what lights are bad for this

A

scale 0 to 100 (100 is best/daylight); sodium and mercury are bad for this

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54
Q

what are the uniformity of light ratio recommendations for office, pedestrian, and roadway?

A

1:0.7 office, 4:1 pedestrian, 10:1 roadway

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55
Q

What are the minimum reflected light requirements in foot candles for detection, recognition, and identification

A

0.5 detection, 1 recognition, 2 identification

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56
Q

what is white balance

A

the automatic adjustment within a camera for the color temperature of the the light source

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57
Q

what do balasts do

A

generate the correct starting and operating voltage, current, and waveform

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58
Q

this category of lamps are sensitive to reduced voltages, restart times can be up to 20 minutes if the arc is extinguished

A

High intensity discharge (HID)

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59
Q

What are the three types of high intensity discharge lamps

A

metal halide, mercury vapor, and high-pressure sodium

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60
Q

what are the 4 types of sensor technologies

A

optical, electronic, electromechanical, or mechanical capabilities

61
Q

what are the 4 things passive sensors may detect

A

vibration, heat, sound, or capacitance

62
Q

what are 3 types of active sensors

A

microwave, infrared, and other radio frequency (RF) devices.

63
Q

what type of sensor (active/passive) has fewer nusiance alarms and why

A

active because of signal strength

64
Q

With this type of sensor, Transducer elements and a radiated field follow the terrain, creating uniform detection throughout the detection zone.

A

terrain following sensors

65
Q

This detector can use buried cable or transmitting and receiving signals relying on consistent reception of transmitted or reflected energy. When energy levels change due to a reflection or deflection, an alarm is transmitted.

A

microwave

66
Q

what is CCTV (closed circuit tv) now known as since it isn’t on a closed circuit or on a tv

A

VSS (video surveillance system)

67
Q

what is sensitivity in cameras

A

the minimum amount of visible light that is necessary to produce a quality image, as well as invisible light spectrums such as infrared.

68
Q

what is resolution

A

measured in the number of horizontal and vertical pixels, defines the image quality from a detail or reproduction perspective.

69
Q

what three things determine what amount and type of image will ultimately appear on the monitor

A

lens, camera, and image sensor

70
Q

an object/person should occupy at least what % of scene’s width?

A

10%

71
Q

what 4 things must an alarm system communicate when alarm goes off

A

where, what/who caused it, when, response required

72
Q

What are the sub-systems of an AC&D system

A

communications, line supervision and security, information handling, control and display, assessment, and off-line subsystems.

73
Q

what is the basis of design

A

the requirements for the design

74
Q

what % should you add to capacity to plan for growth

A

10-15%

75
Q

What are the planning and assessment design phases?

A

planning, design critera, basis of design, conceptual design/schematic (block diagrams)

76
Q

what are block diagrams

A

depicting systems, subsystems, and representative element-level connectivity accompanied by project construction cost estimates

77
Q

Delete

A

Delete

78
Q

do drawings or specifications have precedence

A

specifications

79
Q

what are hardware schedules

A

tables of related security devices - door hardware, cameras, monitors, etc that appear repeatedly

80
Q

what are targets/tags

A

door and room numbers

81
Q

what is the most common symbols set for manual drafting

A

ASTM International in Standard Practice for Security Engineering Symbols

82
Q

how much do maintenance and warranty costs typically equal (%)

A

11% of the total capital systems construction cost

83
Q

how long does system implementation cycle typically take

A

18-24 months

84
Q

what is a type 1 error

A

rejecting something you shouldn’t have

85
Q

what is a type 2 error

A

accepting something you shouldn’t have

86
Q

how long should service provider typically take to report for an issue

A

< 4 hours

87
Q

what percent of captial cost should be allocated annually for spare parts

A

5%

88
Q

moving toward ___ systems, which tie into many different types of sensors

A

physical security information management (PSIM) systems

89
Q

what building may experience progressive collapse

A

those with 3 or more stories

90
Q

what is a catch bar

A

installed over center of window, glazing folds over bar instead of flying in to room

91
Q

what does the IBS International Building Code do

A

regulates life safety systems

92
Q

how does a coded credential work

A

used to look up person in database when scan badge, then compares the PIN they enter to the one on file

93
Q

what are overlays on a badge

A

holograms or difficult to duplicate features

94
Q

What are the 8 types of badges?

A

Magnetic strip encoding

wiegand wire technology (old)

open supervised device protocol (OSDP) - new, 2 wires instead of the 12 above; encrypted to prevent hacking, improves interoperability among access control and security products

Bar Code

Proximity Badge - uses a small RF transmitter/transponder; requires a battery or a passive badge draws power from the reader through the RF signal (prone to RFID attacks to read and copy if not shielded); badges can be read only or read/write; high or low frequency

Smart Card - integrated circuit embedded in the card (contact w/ metallic contacts or contactless through RF), has microprocessor, large memory and high resistance to forgery or compromise, expensive

Hybrid Card - smart card with magnetic strip, photo, and/or bar code

NFC (near field communications) and bluetooth - area of growth

95
Q

a box with essential keys to facility, alarmed/monitored, give key to emergency response at time of installation

A

rapid entry system

96
Q

what is the equal error rate

A

where type 1 and type 2 errors are equal

97
Q

What is UL, the source standard

A

underwrite laboratories

98
Q

what are the two ways metal detectors work

A

two methods - continuous wave (no longer available) and pulsed field (person walks between transmitter and receiver); phase detection allows optimization based on metal type; handhelds can detect smaller quantities of metal

99
Q

what can inadvertantly cause a metal detector to go off

A

sensitive to metal around (outside) the metal detector (including electromagnetic transients like radio transmitters and flickering fluorescent lighting)

100
Q

what methods are used for package search

A

single energy x-ray (not for materials with low atomic numbers aka low-Z - # of protons in the nucleaus of an atom to include explosives, drugs, and some food)

multiple energy x-ray

computed tomography (CT) scan (gantry spins around), only method for automated detection

backscatter x-ray (safe for people)

Others - thermal neutron activation, pulsed fast neutron absorption (PFNA), Quadrupole Resonance (QR; radio waves), Raman Analysis (laser

101
Q

what is used to detect bulk explosives

A

ionizing radiation (not single energy xray), highlight low z (# protons)

102
Q

which detection methods are deep penetrating

A

nuetron and gamma

103
Q

what methods can detect trace explosives (from handling)

A

ion mobility spectrometry, colorimetric, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, fluroescence, canine olfaction

104
Q

are chem or bio agents typically lethal

A

chemical are, bio are not (can take hours to sample air)

105
Q

What does ASTM standards stand for

A

American Society for Testing and Materials

106
Q

Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 1 intruders?

A

intruders expected to have little knowledge/limited tools; low risk

107
Q

Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 2 intruders?

A

intruders expected to have limited knowledge/some tools; medium risk

108
Q

Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 3 intruders?

A

intruders expected to have knowledge/full range of tools; medium to high risk; here and above must detect masking (something placed over sensor lens

109
Q

Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 4 intruders?

A

intruders expected to have sophisticated knowledge/sophisticated tools; high risk (little equipment available suitable for this); must detect range detection (something blocking part of field of view

110
Q

what does RADAR stand for

A

radio detection and ranging

111
Q

what does lidar stand for and what is it

A

light imaging, detection, and ranging; pulsed laser light to measure distances similar to radar, bad in fog, rain, dust; gives good 3d detail and shows direction

112
Q

What is the technology maturity scale

A

1 - research
2 - research prototype
3 - engineering prototyp
4 - field prototype
5 - COTS produces
6 - performance testing
7 - onsite testing
8 - nontechnical maturity factors

113
Q

what type of switch is more secure than BMS but requires constant power

A

hall effect switch

114
Q

is monostatic microwave sensor active or passive

A

active

115
Q

what type on interior sensor is best for intruder moving toward sensor

A

monostatic microwave

116
Q

what type on interior sensor is best for intruder moving across sensor

A

passive infrared

117
Q

what sensor should be used if limiting detection field to the object itself?

A

capacitance sensor

118
Q

what environmental conditions can be challenging for sensors

A

electromagnetic energy, nuclear radiation, acoustic energy, thermal environment, optical phenomena (light), seismic phenomena, meteorological/weather

119
Q

what are the four detection types

A

trap (high traffic areas/expected travel path of intruder)
spot (particular object/high value area)
channel (narrow detection where intruder is expected to cross)
volumetric

120
Q

what is line supervision in security

A

a way to monitor the communication link

121
Q

what are 3 factors for the field of view

A

target, activity, operational requirement (direction)

122
Q

what 2 factors should the camera choice be based on

A

sensitivity and resolution

123
Q

what is automatic gain control (AGC)

A

internal video-amplifying system that works to maintain the video signal at a specific level as the amount of available light decreases, increases noise though; AGC sensitivity, provides usable but low quality image

124
Q

what is electronic shuttering

A

like sunglasses that turn dark but for lens (done by pixel) (similar to auto-iris lens which doesn’t do it by pixel)

125
Q

what is masking (in field of view/camera)

A

ignoring sections

126
Q

what is wide dynamic range (aka multiscanning)

A

takes an image over exposed and one under exposed and takes the best from both

127
Q

What are the different types of connection cabling

A

*top two are most common
Coax and BNC (british naval connnectors) - early version of ethernet
Twisted-pair cable and RJ-45 - common in ethernet netweork; consists of eight wires forming four pairs of twisted wires; different categories (e.g Cat-6) to transfer and support different frequencies
Fiber optic
Unshielded twisted pair
Microwave and radiofrequency
Infrared transmission
Transmission over existing telephone lines, the internet, or intranet

128
Q

what factors go into choosing a lens

A

Format size - FS on lens must match or exceed FS on camera to prevent tunnel vision; size of imager area onto which the lens focuses light
Distance from camera to scene - somewhat determines what focal length is needed
Field of view - more directly determines focal length

129
Q

what is a varifocal lens

A

range of focal lengths, adjusted manually with need to refocus, smaller zoom range

130
Q

what are the types of cameras

A

Standard analog ccd cameras
IP cameras - smart cameras?; processors can do things like facial recognition at the camera, can capture audio (legal?)
Megapixel cameras - more pixels than analog
IR cameras
Thermal cameras - popular with police and border patrol, monitoring activity on ships at a distance, no light required
Day-night cameras - removes IR filter at night for black and white image

131
Q

what are the factors that affect resolution, in order from most important to least

A

camera, transmission method, weakest link in video system interface, and reproduction capability of the image storage system

132
Q

What are the types of recorders

A

Digital video recorders (DVRs, analog) - convert analog to digital, compress image, can’t undo
Network video recorders (NVR) - accept digital or analog, much better than DVR
Server/cloud - digital, needed for things like analytics
Managed video systems - storage and viewing for hire

133
Q

what does video automation software do

A

stitches together logical path of intruder

134
Q

what is intelligent video

A

automated detection

135
Q

camera selction criteria in order from most to least important

A

sensitivity, resolution, format (smaller is cheaper)

136
Q

what are the requirements on if camera can see well enough

A

Must be able to classify a 1 foot target at the far edge of the assessment zone; test black targets in dark areas and white targets in bright areas

137
Q

type of conductors needed for alarms signals

A

DC okay; signals can be transmitted on lines installed to carry electric power

138
Q

type of conductors needed for audio

A

AC

139
Q

what are the three sensor configuration options

A

Loop - devices installed on pair of wires that loops around the whole facility; short circuit can affect all signals on the far side of the break

Point to point - each sensor connected directly to a control center

Multiplexing - a technique for transmitting several messages simultaneously on the same medium; a large number of signals can b be encoded into one composite signal (at location near sensors) for transmission on a single circuit; should gave a backup multiplex trunk line to prevent single point of failure; signals can be separated by time or frequency

140
Q

what 4 things are required for wireless communications

A

A transmitter to furnish radio frequency energy
An antenna to radiate the energy into the atmosphere
A receiver
Power for the transmitter and receiver

141
Q

what is line protection

A

physical protection of line, burying, not from nearest utility pole for high security

142
Q

what factors should be considered for placement of AC&D controls

A

Primary controls - most important
Secondary controls - move eyes, but not head
Auxiliary controls
Up to 3 windows on a display at once
Buttons/menu items limited to 9 each
Can group sensors and color/status should indicate worst-case in group

143
Q

what is the video management system

A

the GUI

144
Q

what is ONVIF compliance

A

a standard for integration of physical security products (6 types

145
Q

what conduit should be used for internal wiring

A

galvanized steel conduit

146
Q

what is a token

A

an electronically encoded device that contains info to authenticate a user’s identity

147
Q

what height is out of reach of fire trucks

A

7-10 stories; above that is considered a high rise

148
Q

what is a standpipe system

A

transports water vertically through building to fight fire from that location

149
Q

what type of lock is used on stairwlls and locks only form the stairwell side

A

Hightower-function mortise lock

Personal CPP (8 decks)

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