Domain 5 - Physical Security Flashcards
What are the 7 functions of physical security
Access Control, Deterrence, Detection, Assessment, Delay, Response, Evidence
what does LiDAR stand for
light detection and ranging
what does security survey place emphasis on
vulnerabilities
what is a MoSCoW analysis
an organizational framework that helps clarify and prioritize deliverables for a project; Must have, Should have, Could have, Won’t Have
what is a fishbone diagram
a cause and effect diagram, helps brainstorm possible causes and sort
what is overpressure
the resulting amount of pressure from a blast above the ambient values
security zone terms from less to more secure
perimeter, nonexclusive zone, exclusive zone
how thick and what material are typical exterior doors?
1 3/4” thick with 16 or 18 gauge steel surface sheets
what is a composite door
contains noncombustible sound-deadening material, usually polyurethane foam or slab
power tool door time
3 minutes
lock picking time
1 minute
what are louvers
slats in door for air and light
what are astragals
trim applied to the edge of a door to cover the gap between two leaves (around lock area)
This is regular glass, manufactured to control residual stresses such that it can be subjected to fabrication. Regular plate, float, sheet, rolled, and some patterned surface glasses are examples; breaks into large shards
annealed or plate glass
this type of glass is treated to resist breakage and fragments into small pieces
tempered glass
this type of glass provides some resistance against large objects and is often required for windows to maintain fire codes in doors
wired glass
this glass is composed of two sheets of ordinary glass bonded to a middle layer or layers of plastic sheeting material. When it is stressed or struck, it may crack and break, but the pieces of glass tend to adhere to the plastic material.; it is the preferred glass time for mitigating blast forces (security glass of this tiype takes 15 minutes with hand tools to get a person through)
laminated glass
this type of glass is laminated and consists of multiple plies of glass, polycarbonate, and other plastic films to provide many levels of ballistic resistance.
bullet/burglar resistant
what type of plastics can easily be broken with a hand tool
acrylic plastics
what type of plastics resist impact nearly as well as bullet resistant glass
polycarbonate plastics
this contains a tough core of polycarbonate between two layers of glass; It can provide significant resistance (in terms of delay) against attacks using hand tools and similar devices.
Glass/polycarbonate composite glazing
what does frangible mean
fragile/brittle
this adheres to interior surface of glass, strengthens and holds glass in place if broken
window film
what is more effective as a security measure than a roof itself
barriers placed 10-12” below roof
these are made of reinforced fabrics that provide protection from flying materials in an explosion
blast curtains
rollup or horizontal interlocking slats (aluminum or polyvinyl chloride) or accordion type w/ vertical slates
security shutters
these barriers are like on base where one end lifts up
wedge barriers
these t-shaped barriers are used on highways and are ineffective against attacks at ground level
jersey barriers
what is a B-rate safe
essentially any box with a lock on it
what are TL-15/TL-30 safes
weren’t broken into within the 15/30 minutes provided
What are the 5 types of mechanical locks
Warded lock - see-through keyway with long barrel key, older homes
Lever Lock - filing cabinets, allows master key
Pin Tumbler Lock - most common in US
Wafer Tumbler Lock
Dial Combination Lock - there are now electric versions too
what is a surreptitious attack on a lock
picking or manipulating the lock with various tools
what are the 4 types of electirifed locking mechanisms
Electric Deadbolt - oldest and simplest; solenoid (electromagnet) moves deadbolt; not recommended for emergency exit
Electric Latch - solenoid with beveled latch instead of deadbolt
Electric Strike
Electromagnetic lock - inherently failsafe, aka maglock
what is the most common method for access restriction
traditional lock and key
What are SCADA systems
supervisory control and data acquisition systems, often used by building owner to control settings/operations of the utilities within a facility (must also be protected
this type of crime prevention shifts focus from offenders to the environment
situational
what type of lamps are good for parking lots and cctv due to long life and good color retention (white light)
metal hallide
when security needs to be discussed, this is where the architect learns about requirements and plans initial things like basic building materials
Architectural programming
These lamps operate by passing an electric current through a tungsten wire that becomes white hot and produces light. These are the least efficient and the most expensive to operate, and they have a short life span.
incandescent
These are incandescent bulbs filled with halogen gas. They provide about 25 percent better efficiency and life than ordinary incandescent bulbs.
halogen and quartz halogen
These lamps pass electricity through a gas enclosed in a glass tube to produce 40 to 80 lumens of light. They develop twice the light and less than half the heat of an incandescent bulb of equal wattage, but they do not produce high levels of light output. They are not used extensively outdoors, except for signs.
fluorescent
These lamps also produce light by passing a current through a gas. They take several minutes to produce full light output, and they have poor color rendition for video surveillance because of the bluish light they cast, but they have a long life.
mercury vapor
Another form of gaseous lamp, they are often used at sports stadiums because they imitate daylight conditions and colors appear natural. For the same reason, they work well with video surveillance systems. However, they are the most expensive lamp type to install and maintain.
metal halide
These lamps are energy efficient and have a long lifespan, but they suffer from poor color rendition. They are often applied on streets and parking lots, and their particular quality of light enables people to see more detail at greater distances in fog.
high-pressure sodium
These lamps are even more efficient than high-pressure sodium, but they are expensive to maintain and provide poor color rendition for video surveillance systems.
low-pressure sodium
These lamps furnish a highly cost-effective alternative that lasts longer without sacrificing illumination.
LED
These lamps have a long life and, like fluorescent lamps, are used mainly indoors, except for parking structures, underpasses, and tunnels.
Induction
can be invisible to the naked eye but is useful for video scene illumination.
Infrared
what are lumens
the quantity of light emitted by a lamp
what is illuminance and what are the units of measurement
how the light needed for a scene is measured; concentration of light over particular area; measured in lux or foot candles; represents the number of lumens per square meter or foot. One foot-candle is equal to 10.76 lux (often approximated to a ratio of 1:10)
what is reflectance
Measured by quantity of light going in vs coming back, varies on materials and their age; affected by non-white lights
what is corrected collor temperature (CCT)
a measure of the warmth or coolness of a light red
What is color rendition index (CRI) and what lights are bad for this
scale 0 to 100 (100 is best/daylight); sodium and mercury are bad for this
what are the uniformity of light ratio recommendations for office, pedestrian, and roadway?
1:0.7 office, 4:1 pedestrian, 10:1 roadway
What are the minimum reflected light requirements in foot candles for detection, recognition, and identification
0.5 detection, 1 recognition, 2 identification
what is white balance
the automatic adjustment within a camera for the color temperature of the the light source
what do balasts do
generate the correct starting and operating voltage, current, and waveform
this category of lamps are sensitive to reduced voltages, restart times can be up to 20 minutes if the arc is extinguished
High intensity discharge (HID)
What are the three types of high intensity discharge lamps
metal halide, mercury vapor, and high-pressure sodium
what are the 4 types of sensor technologies
optical, electronic, electromechanical, or mechanical capabilities
what are the 4 things passive sensors may detect
vibration, heat, sound, or capacitance
what are 3 types of active sensors
microwave, infrared, and other radio frequency (RF) devices.
what type of sensor (active/passive) has fewer nusiance alarms and why
active because of signal strength
With this type of sensor, Transducer elements and a radiated field follow the terrain, creating uniform detection throughout the detection zone.
terrain following sensors
This detector can use buried cable or transmitting and receiving signals relying on consistent reception of transmitted or reflected energy. When energy levels change due to a reflection or deflection, an alarm is transmitted.
microwave
what is CCTV (closed circuit tv) now known as since it isn’t on a closed circuit or on a tv
VSS (video surveillance system)
what is sensitivity in cameras
the minimum amount of visible light that is necessary to produce a quality image, as well as invisible light spectrums such as infrared.
what is resolution
measured in the number of horizontal and vertical pixels, defines the image quality from a detail or reproduction perspective.
what three things determine what amount and type of image will ultimately appear on the monitor
lens, camera, and image sensor
an object/person should occupy at least what % of scene’s width?
10%
what 4 things must an alarm system communicate when alarm goes off
where, what/who caused it, when, response required
What are the sub-systems of an AC&D system
communications, line supervision and security, information handling, control and display, assessment, and off-line subsystems.
what is the basis of design
the requirements for the design
what % should you add to capacity to plan for growth
10-15%
What are the planning and assessment design phases?
planning, design critera, basis of design, conceptual design/schematic (block diagrams)
what are block diagrams
depicting systems, subsystems, and representative element-level connectivity accompanied by project construction cost estimates
Delete
Delete
do drawings or specifications have precedence
specifications
what are hardware schedules
tables of related security devices - door hardware, cameras, monitors, etc that appear repeatedly
what are targets/tags
door and room numbers
what is the most common symbols set for manual drafting
ASTM International in Standard Practice for Security Engineering Symbols
how much do maintenance and warranty costs typically equal (%)
11% of the total capital systems construction cost
how long does system implementation cycle typically take
18-24 months
what is a type 1 error
rejecting something you shouldn’t have
what is a type 2 error
accepting something you shouldn’t have
how long should service provider typically take to report for an issue
< 4 hours
what percent of captial cost should be allocated annually for spare parts
5%
moving toward ___ systems, which tie into many different types of sensors
physical security information management (PSIM) systems
what building may experience progressive collapse
those with 3 or more stories
what is a catch bar
installed over center of window, glazing folds over bar instead of flying in to room
what does the IBS International Building Code do
regulates life safety systems
how does a coded credential work
used to look up person in database when scan badge, then compares the PIN they enter to the one on file
what are overlays on a badge
holograms or difficult to duplicate features
What are the 8 types of badges?
Magnetic strip encoding
wiegand wire technology (old)
open supervised device protocol (OSDP) - new, 2 wires instead of the 12 above; encrypted to prevent hacking, improves interoperability among access control and security products
Bar Code
Proximity Badge - uses a small RF transmitter/transponder; requires a battery or a passive badge draws power from the reader through the RF signal (prone to RFID attacks to read and copy if not shielded); badges can be read only or read/write; high or low frequency
Smart Card - integrated circuit embedded in the card (contact w/ metallic contacts or contactless through RF), has microprocessor, large memory and high resistance to forgery or compromise, expensive
Hybrid Card - smart card with magnetic strip, photo, and/or bar code
NFC (near field communications) and bluetooth - area of growth
a box with essential keys to facility, alarmed/monitored, give key to emergency response at time of installation
rapid entry system
what is the equal error rate
where type 1 and type 2 errors are equal
What is UL, the source standard
underwrite laboratories
what are the two ways metal detectors work
two methods - continuous wave (no longer available) and pulsed field (person walks between transmitter and receiver); phase detection allows optimization based on metal type; handhelds can detect smaller quantities of metal
what can inadvertantly cause a metal detector to go off
sensitive to metal around (outside) the metal detector (including electromagnetic transients like radio transmitters and flickering fluorescent lighting)
what methods are used for package search
single energy x-ray (not for materials with low atomic numbers aka low-Z - # of protons in the nucleaus of an atom to include explosives, drugs, and some food)
multiple energy x-ray
computed tomography (CT) scan (gantry spins around), only method for automated detection
backscatter x-ray (safe for people)
Others - thermal neutron activation, pulsed fast neutron absorption (PFNA), Quadrupole Resonance (QR; radio waves), Raman Analysis (laser
what is used to detect bulk explosives
ionizing radiation (not single energy xray), highlight low z (# protons)
which detection methods are deep penetrating
nuetron and gamma
what methods can detect trace explosives (from handling)
ion mobility spectrometry, colorimetric, chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, fluroescence, canine olfaction
are chem or bio agents typically lethal
chemical are, bio are not (can take hours to sample air)
What does ASTM standards stand for
American Society for Testing and Materials
Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 1 intruders?
intruders expected to have little knowledge/limited tools; low risk
Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 2 intruders?
intruders expected to have limited knowledge/some tools; medium risk
Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 3 intruders?
intruders expected to have knowledge/full range of tools; medium to high risk; here and above must detect masking (something placed over sensor lens
Using the European Alarm Standards, what are Grade 4 intruders?
intruders expected to have sophisticated knowledge/sophisticated tools; high risk (little equipment available suitable for this); must detect range detection (something blocking part of field of view
what does RADAR stand for
radio detection and ranging
what does lidar stand for and what is it
light imaging, detection, and ranging; pulsed laser light to measure distances similar to radar, bad in fog, rain, dust; gives good 3d detail and shows direction
What is the technology maturity scale
1 - research
2 - research prototype
3 - engineering prototyp
4 - field prototype
5 - COTS produces
6 - performance testing
7 - onsite testing
8 - nontechnical maturity factors
what type of switch is more secure than BMS but requires constant power
hall effect switch
is monostatic microwave sensor active or passive
active
what type on interior sensor is best for intruder moving toward sensor
monostatic microwave
what type on interior sensor is best for intruder moving across sensor
passive infrared
what sensor should be used if limiting detection field to the object itself?
capacitance sensor
what environmental conditions can be challenging for sensors
electromagnetic energy, nuclear radiation, acoustic energy, thermal environment, optical phenomena (light), seismic phenomena, meteorological/weather
what are the four detection types
trap (high traffic areas/expected travel path of intruder)
spot (particular object/high value area)
channel (narrow detection where intruder is expected to cross)
volumetric
what is line supervision in security
a way to monitor the communication link
what are 3 factors for the field of view
target, activity, operational requirement (direction)
what 2 factors should the camera choice be based on
sensitivity and resolution
what is automatic gain control (AGC)
internal video-amplifying system that works to maintain the video signal at a specific level as the amount of available light decreases, increases noise though; AGC sensitivity, provides usable but low quality image
what is electronic shuttering
like sunglasses that turn dark but for lens (done by pixel) (similar to auto-iris lens which doesn’t do it by pixel)
what is masking (in field of view/camera)
ignoring sections
what is wide dynamic range (aka multiscanning)
takes an image over exposed and one under exposed and takes the best from both
What are the different types of connection cabling
*top two are most common
Coax and BNC (british naval connnectors) - early version of ethernet
Twisted-pair cable and RJ-45 - common in ethernet netweork; consists of eight wires forming four pairs of twisted wires; different categories (e.g Cat-6) to transfer and support different frequencies
Fiber optic
Unshielded twisted pair
Microwave and radiofrequency
Infrared transmission
Transmission over existing telephone lines, the internet, or intranet
what factors go into choosing a lens
Format size - FS on lens must match or exceed FS on camera to prevent tunnel vision; size of imager area onto which the lens focuses light
Distance from camera to scene - somewhat determines what focal length is needed
Field of view - more directly determines focal length
what is a varifocal lens
range of focal lengths, adjusted manually with need to refocus, smaller zoom range
what are the types of cameras
Standard analog ccd cameras
IP cameras - smart cameras?; processors can do things like facial recognition at the camera, can capture audio (legal?)
Megapixel cameras - more pixels than analog
IR cameras
Thermal cameras - popular with police and border patrol, monitoring activity on ships at a distance, no light required
Day-night cameras - removes IR filter at night for black and white image
what are the factors that affect resolution, in order from most important to least
camera, transmission method, weakest link in video system interface, and reproduction capability of the image storage system
What are the types of recorders
Digital video recorders (DVRs, analog) - convert analog to digital, compress image, can’t undo
Network video recorders (NVR) - accept digital or analog, much better than DVR
Server/cloud - digital, needed for things like analytics
Managed video systems - storage and viewing for hire
what does video automation software do
stitches together logical path of intruder
what is intelligent video
automated detection
camera selction criteria in order from most to least important
sensitivity, resolution, format (smaller is cheaper)
what are the requirements on if camera can see well enough
Must be able to classify a 1 foot target at the far edge of the assessment zone; test black targets in dark areas and white targets in bright areas
type of conductors needed for alarms signals
DC okay; signals can be transmitted on lines installed to carry electric power
type of conductors needed for audio
AC
what are the three sensor configuration options
Loop - devices installed on pair of wires that loops around the whole facility; short circuit can affect all signals on the far side of the break
Point to point - each sensor connected directly to a control center
Multiplexing - a technique for transmitting several messages simultaneously on the same medium; a large number of signals can b be encoded into one composite signal (at location near sensors) for transmission on a single circuit; should gave a backup multiplex trunk line to prevent single point of failure; signals can be separated by time or frequency
what 4 things are required for wireless communications
A transmitter to furnish radio frequency energy
An antenna to radiate the energy into the atmosphere
A receiver
Power for the transmitter and receiver
what is line protection
physical protection of line, burying, not from nearest utility pole for high security
what factors should be considered for placement of AC&D controls
Primary controls - most important
Secondary controls - move eyes, but not head
Auxiliary controls
Up to 3 windows on a display at once
Buttons/menu items limited to 9 each
Can group sensors and color/status should indicate worst-case in group
what is the video management system
the GUI
what is ONVIF compliance
a standard for integration of physical security products (6 types
what conduit should be used for internal wiring
galvanized steel conduit
what is a token
an electronically encoded device that contains info to authenticate a user’s identity
what height is out of reach of fire trucks
7-10 stories; above that is considered a high rise
what is a standpipe system
transports water vertically through building to fight fire from that location
what type of lock is used on stairwlls and locks only form the stairwell side
Hightower-function mortise lock
