Domain 5: Leadership & Professionalism Flashcards
Leadership and Professionalism
What is slack or float?
- Degree to which a task can be postponed without delaying the end of the project
- Tasks that fall along the critical path have no float
What is a critical path and how do you calculate it?
- Minimum time required to complete the project
- Calculated by finding the longest path from beginning to end
Data should be FAIR. What does FAIR stand for?
Findable
Accessible
Interoperable
Reusable
Adair’s “Action Centered” leadership model says that the leadership function meets needs in what three areas?
Task, Team, Individual
In the Healthcare Quality Professional Leadership Development Model, the fundamental entry level skill that a leader must develop is:
Professionalism & Professional Values
Best mechanism to control scope creep
Integrated change control - rigorous process to determine the need for changes in the scope of a project
Examples of task dependencies
Finish to Start - Task B can’t begin until task A is completed
Finish to Finish - Task B can’t finish before Task A is finished
Start to Start - Task B can’t start until Tak A is started
Start to Finish - Task B can’t finish until Task A is started
Process to changing scope of the project
Integrated change control - involves accepting or rejecting any changes to the scope of the work as well as coordinating those changes among workers and stakeholders
Process of creating an effective team
- Articulate team goal
- Define rules of operation
- Clarify individual roles
What does disparate impact refer to in terms of recruiting?
Certain classes of people will be over-represented in the recruitment & selection process
What tool allows a project risk manager to prioritize resources among several identified risks?
Probability impact chart - stratifies risks based on their impact and their probability of occuring
What is McClelland’s acquired needs theory?
3 individual needs that influence a person’s motivation:
- Need for achievement - need to excel by setting and accomplishing challenging goals
- Need for affiliation - an individual’s need to belong, be liked and be accepted
- Need for power - need to be influential, lead and make lasting impact on others
What is Monte Carlo analysis
Iterative process where the risk of a project can be calculated from the combination of its component risk
4 steps of situational leadership
- Directing - high direction, low support
- Coaching - less direction and increased support
- Supporting - further decreased direction and similar support as coaching
- Delegating - providing guidance & support as needed
Focus of servant leadership
Growth and well-being of people and communities
Focus of National Center for Healthcare Leadership Competency Model
- Transformation
- Execution
- People
Best way to change organizational culture
Change behavior NOT structure.
Behavior driven by norms, social values, identity structure and mental models.
Difference between single vs double-loop learning
Single loop learning - maintain current mental models and basic assumptions when something goes wrong
Double-loop learning - question both mental models and basic assumptions when things go wrong
Difference between critical and analytic thinking
Critical thinking - Takes facts and uses them to form an opinion or belief. Use to develop strategic plan.
Analytic thinking - uses facts to support conclusions or thought.
Tools for creating new ideas or innovating
- Attribute listing - break down problem into smaller bits
- Brainstorming
- Visioning
What is the Cynefin framework
One model of complex decision making. Sorts all issues into 5 contexts:
- Simple
- Complicated
- Complex
- Chaotic
- Disorder
Difference between strategic and tactical thinking
Strategic thinking = focused on long-term
Tactical thinking = more immediate (“in the moment”)
Biggest driver of tactical thinking
Culture
What are McKinsey’s five dimensions of effective leadership and which dimension has most significant impact on work/life satisfaction?
- Meaning (biggest impact)
- Positive Framing
- Connecting
- Engaging
- Managing energy
What does Reeve’s leadership theory emphasize?
Leaders need not be experts in every dimension. However, they must ensure that some leadership team member provides every leadership dimension.
6 Methods for measuring training effectiveness
- Kirkpatrick taxonomy model
- Level 1 = Reaction
- Level 2 = Learning
- Level 3 = Behavior
- Level 4 = Results (return on expectations) - Phillips ROI Model
Add ROI to above - Summative and Formative evaluation method
- Includes feedback on training both while being developed (formative) and delivered (summative) - Outcomes Framework
- Intended for CE activities (e.g. CME)
- Start with highest level then work your way backwards - Kaufman’s Levels of Learning Evaluation
- Input
- Process
- Micro-level results
- Macro-level results
- Mega level impact - Anderson’s Model of Learning Evaluation
- Stage 1: evaluate
- Stage 2: measure contribution to strategic results
- Stage 3: Determine ROI and find most relevant approaches
5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs
Higher-level needs become motivators only after lower-level needs are met
- Physiological
- Safety
- Social
- Self-esteem
- Self-actualization
5 attributes of strategic thinking
- A systems perspective
- Intent focused
- Thinking in time
- Hypothesis-driven
- Intelligent opportunism
5 styles of conflict management per Thomas & Killman
- Forcing (Competing)
- Accommodating
- Avoiding (Withdrawing)
- Compromising (Lose-Lose)
- Collaborating (Win-Win)
4 types of leaders according to leadership/managerial grid model by Black & Mouton
- Authoritarian
- Country club - uses rewards but not punitive power for fear of jeopardizing relationships
- Impoverished leader (“delegate and disappear”)
- Team leader - strong on task and people skills/relationships
4 leadership and maturity styles per Situational Leadership model
Leadership styles:
1. Telling (S1)
2. Selling (S2)
3. Participating (S3)
4. Delegating (S4)
Maturity styles:
M1 = low maturity –> M4 = high maturity
Environmental scan methods
- PESTLE
- Political
- Economic
- Social/cultural
- Technological
- Environmental
- Legal - PEST
- STEEPLED= PESTLE + Ethical + Demographic factors
- SWOT - Strength / Weakness / Opportunities / Threats
3 Group Decision Making approaches
- Nominal group technique
- Involves multi-voting (ranking or rating all options and choosing highest rank option) - Consensus mapping
- Reaching consensus about how to arrange or sequence multiple inter-related activities (e.g. implementing new IS). Based on expectation of compromise. - Delphi Method
- Experts answer questionnaires, facilitator summarizes and experts asked to revise answer. Repeat until group opinion moves toward a final answer.
Job description that identifies a position as having “exempt status” indicates what?
Exempt is a federal wage and hour term meaning not eligible for overtime pay over 40 hours of work per week
What is PERT chart used for
Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) - Estimates minimum project duration and amount of scheduling flexibility
6 steps of human resource management
- HR planning
- Staffing
- Development
- Evaluation
- Compensation
- Maintaining the workforce
Difference between strategic planning and long-term planning
Strategic planning works BACKWARD from desired future state
Long-term planning begins with current state and works FORWARD to estimate future needs
3 organizational factors important for success of Strategic Information System Plan (SISP)
- Organizational commitment
- Senior management involvement (*independently associated with SISP success)
- Team involvement
3 Strategic Planning Models
- Organizational pull (organization’s objectives fully drive IT requirements)
- Technology push (IT pushes organization into new areas)
- Component Alignment (seven multi-aligned components)
7 Components of Component Alignment Model
Non-controllable Components
1. External environment
2. Emerging IT
Controllable Components
3. Organizational Mission
4. Organizational Infrastructure and Processes
5. IT infrastructure and processes
Strategy
6. Organizational Business Strategy
7. IT strategy
What does VMOSA stand for?
Vision - the dream / values
Mission - the what and why (action-oriented)
Objectives - how much of what will be accomplished and when
Strategies - the how
Action plan - action items, their assignees and deadlines
Goals/deliverables should be SMART. What does SMART stand for?
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
8 Major Leadership Theories
- Great Man Theories (1840s)
- Trait Theories (1930s-40s)
- Behavioral Theories (1940s-50s) - leaders are made not born
- Contingency Theories (1960s) - leadership style CANNOT be changed so success is contingent on degree of fit between situation and leader’s style
- Situational Theories (1960s) - leaders choose style based on situation. No single leadership style is appropriate for all situations
- Participative Theories (60s-70s) - ideal leaders take input from others
- Transactional (Management / Exchange) Theories (1970s) - Focused on transaction (reward/punishment) between leader and followers
- Transformational (Relationship) Theories (1970s) - leaders transform followers through inspiration and increased motivation
3 Leadership styles where leader leads
- Autocratic (coercive/authoritarian) - “Do what I say”
- Pacesetting - “Do as I do, now”
- Bureaucratic (everything done according to policy/procedure) - “We are doing this by the book”
3 Leadership styles where leaders hold middle ground
- Authoritative - leader states goal but allows people freedom to choose means of achievement (“Come with me”)
- Transformational - One of the most strongly positive styles without major cons (“Let’s do this!”)
- Consultative (Coaching) - “Try this”
3 Leadership styles where group leads
- Democratic (Participative / Collaborative) - “What do you think?”
- Distributed - leader and followers complement each other
- Shared - Empowers followers with decision making (e.g. LEAN method)
2 Leadership styles where follower leads
- Servant (Affiliative) - leaders develop moral core to serve others (“People come first”)
- Laissez-Faire
2 healthcare leadership models
- Functional Results-Oriented HealthCare Leadership Model (FROHLM) - Transactional
- Collaborative Healthcare Leadership - Democratic
5 domains of American College of Healthcare Executive (ACHE) Competency model
- Communication & Relationship Management
- Professionalism
- Business Skills & Knowledge (this includes information management competencies)
- Knowledge of the Healthcare Environment
- Leadership
2 different models of assessing leadership competency in healthcare
- National Center for Healthcare Leadership (NCHL) Competency Model 3.0
- American College of Healthcare Executive (ACHE) Competency model
4 domains of EQ
- Self-Awareness
- Social Awareness
- Self-Management
- Relationship Management
Difference between positions and interests when negotiating. What should be the focus of negotiation?
Position = what people want
Interests = why people want it
Focus on interests not position
What are 3 Humanistic Motivation Theorires
- Self determination theory
- Self determination achieved by intrinsic motivation - Herzberg’s theory
- Motivator-hygiene theory
- Motivator factors (intrinsic motivators) increase satisfaction & hygiene factors (extrinsic motivators) decrease satisfaction - Maslow’s theory
What are 3 Socio-cognitive motivation theories?
- Social Cognitive theory
- Personal factors, behavior and environmental factors affect motivation - Self-efficacy theory
- Motivation depends on person’s perception of their ability to perform appropriately or reach a goal - Goal theory
- To motivate goals must have clarity, challenge, commitment, feedback and task complexity
What are 2 cognitive motivation theories?
- Attribution theory
- Theory of why we attribute outcome X to causal factor Y - Expectancy Value theory
- Behavior is more likely if likelihood of meeting expectation is high and the return value is high
3 factors that help achieve intrinsic motivation according to self-determination theory
- Autonomy (level of intrinsic motivation for change)
- Competence (confidence and ability to change)
- Relatedness (perception of being respected, understood and cared for)
4 Factors that influence attribution according to attribution theory
- Stable Factors
- Unstable Factors
- Dispositional Factors (internal to person)
- Situational Factors (external to person)
What is controllability & fundamental attribution error referring to in attribution theory?
- Controllability
- Our perception of how well we can control a situation influences our attitudes toward the situation - Fundamental Attribution Error
- When we succeed, we attribute our success to dispositional factors
- When we fail, we attribute failure to situational factors
What 3 things must occur in sequence for motivation to occur per Cognitive Theories of Motivation?
- Expectancy (will my effort lead to high performance?)
- Instrumentality (will my performance lead to outcome?)
- Valence (Value) (Do I find the outcomes/rewards desirable?)
Difference between mentoring, coaching and counseling
- Mentoring: Overall career development. Agenda set by mentee.
- Coaching: Improve performance in a specific area
- Counseling: Unblock performance in a specific area (i.e. focus on what individual/team can do, but won’t)
4 levels of Human Factors Analysis Classification System (HFACS), which provides methods for investigation of errors
Level 1: Unsafe Acts
Level 2: Precondition for Unsafe Acts (includes operator factors)
Level 3: Supervision
Level 4: Organizational influences
5 stages of team development according to Tuckman Ladder
- Forming
- Storming - Team begins work; collaboration & openness is important
- Norming - adjust habits and behaviors to support team; trust begins
- Performing
- Adjourning
3 Cognitive biases (process losses) related to group decision making
- Groupthink - conform to “dominant view”
- Bandwagon Effect - form of groupthink in which a person believes something to be true just because others in the group do
- Group polarization - tendency of a group to entertain more risky/extreme solutions because negative consequences perceived to be diffused throughout the group
Steps involved in Consensus mapping
- Small groups perform clustering (i.e. group ideas into related clusters/categories)
- Facilitator creates ‘Strawman’ integrated map
- Map reconfiguration by small group
- Map consolidation
What is multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) aka Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)
Systematic analytical approach to evaluate and rank many possible choices using multiple weighted criteria
Can be used to decide which project to prioritize, which resources to allocate
6 Group decision making methods besides Delphi/Nominal/Consensus Mapping
- Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)
- Brainstorming
- Idea/mind mapping
- Affinity Diagram (classify ideas into groups)
- Process decision program charts (PDPC) - useful for contingency planning. systematically identifies what might go wrong in a plan under development.
- Interrelationship diagraphs - adaptation of relationship diagrams for complex problem solving for up to 50 relevant items
What is Parkinson’s Law
Work expands to fill the time available for its completion
What % of verbal communication is accurately understood by the receiver?
30%
What is the top reason for error and delays in healthcare?
Poor communication
What is Media Richness Theory by Daft and Lengel (1984)
Communication channels are on a spectrum from rich to lean.
Rich = auditory and non-verbal cues present (e.g. face to face) –> least prone to communication error
Middle = Audio without non-verbal cues (phone and audio recording)
Lean = no audio or non-verbal cues (e.g. email, web pages)
3 Learning Domains and their related Learning Theory
- Cognitive (emphasizes knowledge, intellectual skill) –> Bloom’s Taxonomy
- Affective (focused on attitudes and beliefs) –> Andragogy and related
- Psychomotor (or Behavioral) (highlights practical application, such as role playing) –> Transformative (Transformational) Learning
What is Bloom’s Taxonomy and what are the 6 levels of skills
Educational goals are categorized in order of complexity
Emphasizes mastery (not memorization)
Going from lower order to higher order
1. Remember
2. Understand
3. Apply
4. Analyze
5. Evaluate
6. Create
What is andragogy theory
Andragogy = art/science of teaching adults
Postulates that adult learners are different from children because…
- Need to know why they need to learn something
- More self directed
- More life/task/problem centered
What is transformative learning theory and what are the 2 main components?
- Learning that challenges the learner’s established perspectives, resulting in “transforming” their thinking
2 main components:
1. Instrumental learning
- Task oriented problem solving
- Evaluation of cause-and-effect relationships
- Communicative learning
- How people communicate their feelings, needs and desires
What is the VARK model of learning styles
- Visual
- Aural/Auditory
- Read/write
- Kinesthetic (hands on approach)
6 Teaching Strategies
- Backward design - start by determining learning outcomes and then plan content
- Forward design - plan content first and then determine learning outcomes
- Think-Pair-Share (learners involved more actively)
- Flipped Classroom
- Problem-Based Learning
- Universal Design for Learning
What is gamification?
Form of experiential learning where EHR simulation is turned into a game
7 levels of the outcomes framework for competency assessment
- Participation
- Satisfaction
3a. Learning (Declarative Knowledge)
3b. Learning (Procedural Knowledge) - Competence
- Performance
- Patient Health
- Community Health (degree to which health status of community improves)
Difference between Formative & Summative Evaluation
Formative Evaluation
- Occurs mid-chapter/course (while knowledge still forming in learner’s mind)
- Ex) CIBRC Course Questions
Summative Evaluation
- Occurs at end of chapter/course
- Used as competency assessment
- Ex) Clinical Informatics Board Exam
What are the 5 Process Groups (project management stages)
- Initiation (LOW Cost and staffing + HIGH Risk and Uncertainty)
- Planning
- Execution
- Monitoring & Controlling (HIGH Cost and staffing + LOW Risk and Uncertainty)
- Closing
2 Types of Project Life Cycles
- Predictive
- Phases progress in waterfall fashion.
- Scope is fixed. - Iterative & Incremental
- Phases repeat iteratively
- Scope can be elaborated with each iteration
- Subtype = Adaptive/Agile PM (aka change-driven project life cycles) –> utilizes rolling wave planning
4 Examples of Adaptive/Agile Project Management
Scum
XP
Kanban
Crystal
What are triple constraints of a project?
Cost + schedule + scope = quality
Money + time + people = scope/quality
What are terms for risks that have positive or negative impact
Opportunity = risk that would have a positive effect
Threat = risks that would have a negative effect
Difference between threat & issue
Issue = threat which has ALREADY OCCURRED
What is bottom-up estimating?
- Method of estimating requirements for a component of work
- Costs (including resources) are estimated to the greatest detail possible for each activity
- Costs are summarized (“rolled up”) to higher levels to estimate overall costs of the project
What is expectation gap analysis
- Compare stakeholders’ expectations to actual deliverables
- Provides a tool to resolve gap with stakeholders
What is a context diagram
- Visual representation of project scope
- Shows inputs to the system and actors providing input as well as outputs to the system and actors providing output
2 project initiation tools?
- Context diagram
- Stakeholder register
9 Tools for Project Planning/Execution
- Resource calendar
- Resource leveling: start/finish dates are adjusted based on resources constraints –> often causes critical path to INCREASE
- Budget
- Use cases (e.g. UML use case diagram)
- Traceability matrix: grid that links product requirements from their origin to deliverables that satisfy them
- Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) - presumes UNLIMITED resources
- Critical Chain Method - schedule method which presumes LIMITED resources
- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
- Issue log
What is Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
- Method of representing tasks in a project by phase and sequence
- Utilizes decomposition (subdividing work)
- Typically represented via Gantt chart
What is a milestone chart?
Gantt chart where only milestones or high level deliverables display
What is parallel testing?
- Testing functions and data entry in the new system or software in parallel with using the
same functions (entering the same data) into the production system you are about to
replace - Usually try to do 10-20% of cases
- Hardest testing to do but the most valuable
6 Corporate Governance Theories
- Shareholder Theory - board operates to please shareholders (focus on $$$)
- Principal-Agent Theory - principal (board) engages agents (employees) to perform a task. Assumes goals of principals & agents are different.
- Stakeholder Theory - decision making occurs after taking all stakeholders into account
- Technology Acceptance Model - designed specifically for software & tech
- Stewardship - board’s role is to develop strategy but not monitor/enforce
- Resource Dependency - board’s role is to minimize uncertainty caused by external factors
3 components of IS management competencies according to NCHL competency model
- Recognizing IT potential
- Championing implementation
- Pursuing leading edge tech
What is universal design for learning
Framework to optimize teaching based on how someone learns through engagement (why), representation (what) and expression (how)
