Domain 3

Question 1

The three different aspects of fluency

Answer 1

accuracy
reading rate
prosody

Question 2

What is Prosody?

Answer 2

The pattern of stress and intonation in a language.

Question 3

Specific strategies for building accuracy.

Answer 3

1. Younger students - need systematic, explicit instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, and sight words.
2. Older students need to develop structural analysis skills, syllabic analysis skills, and orthographic knowledge.
3. Instruction on word identification skills

Question 4

Specific strategies for building reading rate.

Answer 4

1. Whisper reading. The teacher can provide feedback while modeling faster reading.
2. Students with automaticity can increase their reading rate through independent silent reading if there is accountability for comprehension and if the child is reading the appropriate book.

Question 5

Name 4 word identification strategies

Answer 5

1. Phonics analysis. Using knowledge of sound-symbol correspondences, phonics rules, and spelling patterns to read or write a word.
2. Decoding by Analogy. Using knowledge of phonograms to deduce pronunciation or spelling of unfamiliar words.
3. Syllabic Analysis. Breaking multisyllabic words into syllables and using knowledge of phonics and phonograms to decode the word, syllable by syllable.
4. Morphemic Analysis. Applying knowledge of root words and affixes to read or write an unfamiliar word.

Question 6

What is Prosody?

Answer 6

The pattern of stress and intonation in a language.

Reading with prosody is reading with expression

Question 7

What is phrase-cued reading?

Answer 7

Phrase-cued reading is a specific strategy for building prosody. Phrase-cued texts are a means to train students to recognize the natural pauses that occur between phrases in their reading.
Example: But Eric was not ordinary./ He was extraordinary./ In fact,/ he could do magic./

Question 8

Strategies for helping struggling readers and readers with learning disabilities to improve fluency.

Answer 8

1. Use texts at students’ independent reading levels (monitored oral, repeated, whisper, and phrase-cued reading)
2. Reteach word identification skills each child lacks (morphemic, syllabic, orthographic)
3. Identify problem sight words
   oral reading practice (or silent reading for fluent readers with proper text level and accountability)

Question 9

Some reading strategies for Advanced Learners

Answer 9

1. Increase pace or complexity of instruction.
2. Use more advanced texts.
3. Extend depth and breadth of assignments.

Question 10

What is Automaticity Theory?

Answer 10

Automaticity theory explains why fluency is essential for comprehension. It states that reading requires the reader to perform two main tasks: to decode words and understand the meaning of the text. Fluent readers swiftly and accurately identify words, which frees their minds to deal with the meaning of the text.

Question 11

What are some factors that can disrupt fluency?

Answer 11

1. Weak word analysis skills
2. Lack of familiarity with content vocabulary
3. Lack of background knowledge
4. Lack of familiarity with more complex syntactic structures

Question 12

What defines independent reading level?

Answer 12

Minimum 95% accuracy and 9/10 easy comprehension questions correct. (Zarrillo)

Question 13

What defines instructional reading level?

Answer 13

Minimum 90% accuracy and 6/10 easy comprehension questions correct. (Zarrillo)

Question 14

What defines frustration reading level?

Answer 14

Below 90% reading accuracy and fewer than 6/10 easy comprehension questions correct. (Zarrillo)