Domain 1 Flashcards
Nervous System
Communication network within the body
Central Nervous system CNS
Brain and spinal cord it cordinates activity of they body
Peripheral nervous system PNS
Nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body and enviroment
Periphear nervous system subdivions
Somatic: Serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscles.
Autonomic: Involntary systems such as heart or digestive system
Autonmic subdivions
Parasympathetic: Decrease activiation during rest and recovery
Sypathetic: Increase activaition to prep for activity
Neuron
Function unit of the nervouse system
Motor (Efferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impules from CNS TO EFFECTOR SITES
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
Respinde to stimuli; transmit nerve impules from effector sites to CNS
Mechanoreceptors
Sense distortion in body tissues
Joint Receptors
Respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration on joints
Golgi tendon organs GTO
Senses change in muscular tension
Muscle Spindles
Sense Changes in muscle length
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone and provide an ancor point for muscles to produce force
Fascia
Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
Fascicles
Bundle of individule muscle fibers
Muscle fiber
Celluelar components and myofibrils encaes in plasma membrane
Sarcomere
Produces muscular contracation; repeating section of actin and myosin
Sliding filament theory
Thick and think filaments slide past one another, shortening the entire sacomere
Type 1 slow twitch muscles
smaller size and fatigue slowly
Type 2 quick twtich muscles
larger in size are quick to produce maximal tension and fatigue quickly
Motor unit
One motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with
Neural activation
Contraction of a muscle generated by neaural stimulation
Neurotransmitter
Chemicl messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle
Local stabilaztion system
Attaches directly to vertebrea consistes of the transvere abdominis, internal oblique, multifidus, pelvic floor and diaphragm
Gloabl stabilizaiton system
Attaches from pelvis to spine, consistes of quadratus lumbrorum, psoas majorm external obliquem rectus abdominis, gluteus medius, adductir complex and portions of internal oblique
Movment system
Attaches the spin and or pelvis to the extremites consists od latissumus dordi, hip flexors, hamstring complez, quadricpes
Acial skleton
Skull, rib cage and verterbal column
Appendicular skelotin
Upper and lower extremites shoulder and pelvic gurdles
Skeletal system function
Supports, protects, allows bodily movemnts, produces blood and stores minerals
Depressions
Flattens or indenter portions of bone can be muscle attament sites
Process
Projection protruding from a bone, muscl, tendons and ligments that can attatch
Ligaments
Connects bone to none they have little blood supply and are slow to heal
Arthokinmmatics
Joint motions
Non- Synovial Joints
No joint cavity, conncetive tissues or cartulage, little to no movement
Synovial joints
Held together by joint capsule and ligaments. assocaited with movements
Major motion typers
Roll, slide, spin
Important motion types to know
Hinge: Elbows, ankles, sagittal plane movement
Ball and socket: Shoulders hips, most modbile all three planes of motion
Weight baring exercise
Is the best method to strengthen bones
Endocrine system
System of glands secreaste homrmoes to regulate bodily function
Tesosterone
Responsible for male sex traits
Estrogen
Responsible for female sex traites
Growth Hormone
Anabolic hormone response for bodily groth until puberty
Insulin
Regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body
Cardiorespitory system
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Cardiovasuclar system
Heart, Blodd, and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
Shorter more tightly connected that skelatl muscle this is involuntary
Atria
Small superior chambers of the heart that recives blood from veins
Right atrium
Gather deoxygenated blood returning to the hears
Left Atrium
Gather oxygenated blood from the lungs
Sinoatrail (SA) node
Located in righ atrium; initiates impules for heart heat rate this is the pacemaker for the heart
Ventricles
Larger inferior chambers of the heart pump blood out
Right Ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Arteris
Carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Transport blood back to the hearts
Atrerioles
Small branches of arteries end in capillaries
Capillaries
Smalled blood vessles site of gas, chemical and water exchange
Venules
Very small veins, connect capillaries to larger veins
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped with each contraction
Heart Rate
The rate of whcih the heart pumps blood the avererage untrained adult is 70-80Bpm
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped per minute heart rate x stroke volume
Rspiratory sytem
Lungs and repiratory passageways brings in oxygens and removes CO2
Inspiration
Contracting insiratiory muscles to move are into lungs
Insiratory muscles
Primary: Diaphragm, external intercosals
Seconday: Scalens, pectoralis mior and sternoclediomastoid
Expiration
Relaxing inspiratory muscles (Passive) contracting expuraty muscles ( Active) to move air out.
Ecpiratoty muscles
Internal inercostals abdominals
Resting oxygen consumption (Vo2)
3.5ml x kg^-1 x min^-1 = 1 metabolic equvalent =MET
Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2Max)
Highest rate of oxygen transport and untilization achived and maximal physical exertion
Abnoraml breathing patterns
Accoiated with stress and anxiety; may result in headaches, fatigue, poor circulation and poor sleep paterns
Cardiorespitroy exercise
Increase: Cardac output, breathing efficency, oxygen transport and use ,use of fats for fuel, mental alerness ability to relxax and sleep, tolerance to stress, lean body mass, metabolic rate
Decrease: ressting heart rate, cholesteral, blood pressure, and the risk of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity, and diabetes
Bioenergetcs
Study of enery in the human body
Metabolism
Process in which nutrietns are acquired, tranports, and used and disposed of in the body
Aerobic
Requires oxygen
Anaerobic
With out oxygen
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
Energy storage and transfer unit with in cells
Anaerobic threshold
Where the body can no longer produce enough energy with normal oxygen intake
Exxess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)
Elevation of metablolism after exercise
Biomechanics
Scince concernd with internal and external forces actin on the body
Force
Influnce applied by one object to another, accelerates or decceralerate, the second object
Torque
A force that produces rotation
Lever and its 3 clasess
Ridged bar that rotates aroud and statonary fulcrum 1 class: fulcrum in the middle (nodding head) 2 class: resistance in the middle (Calf raise) 3 class effort in the middle (Biceps curl) this is the most common in human limbs
Superior
Above a point of refernce
Inferior
Below a point of refernce
Proximal
Nearest to a point of reference
Distal
Farthest from a point of reference
Anterior
Front of the body
Posterior
Back of the body
Medial
Closer to center of body
Lateral
Farther from the middle fo the body
Contralateral
On opposite side of the body
Ipsilater
On same side of the body
Frontal Plan Motians and examples
Adduction/Abduction, Lateral flexion, Eversion/Inversion
Side later raise, side lunge, side shuffle
Sagittal Plan
Flexion/Exstions
Bicep curl, tricep push down, squat
Transverse Plan
Rotation, Horizontal aduction/abduction
Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation
Flexion
Bending movemnet decrease relative angle berween segments
Extsenton
Strightening movemnet increase relative angle between sements
Plantarflextion
Exenstion at the ankle
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle
Abduction
Movemnt in the frontal plan away from the middle
Adduction
Movemnet in the frontal plan toward the biddle
Horizontal abduction
Transvese plan arm movemnet from antior to lateral (Chest flys)
Horzontal adduction
Transverse plans arm movemnt from lateral to anterior
Internal rotation
Rotaion toward the middle of the body
Exteranl Rotation
Rotation away from the middle of the body
Concentric
Moving in the opposite direction of force, accelrate of produces foarce, the muscle shortnes
Eccentric
Muscle devolps tension while lengthing decelerates force
Isometric
Musclar force equal to resistive force, stabalizes force, no change in muscle lenght
Lenght tension relationship
Resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that lenght
Force couple
Muscle working togethor to produce movements
Forve velocity curve
As the velocity of a contraction increase concentric force decrease and eccentric force increase
Neuromuscular efficiency
Ability to produce and reduce force and stablize the kniectic chain in all three plans of motion
Strucatusl efficenecy
Allgnment of the musculoskelatal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support
Davis law
Soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Autogenic inhibition
Nerual impules that sense tension are greater than the impulese that cause muscules to contrat provides inhibiroty effect to the muscle spingles
Reciporocl inhibions
Stimulaneous contranaction of one muscle, and relaxation of ints antagonist to allow movemnet
Relative flexability
Tendancy of the body to seek the path of least resistance
Pattern overload
Constietal repated the same motion places abnormal stresses on the body
Postural distotion patterns
Predictable patters of muscle imbalances
Altered recupocal inhibition
Muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist which inhibits its functional antagonist
Synergistic domiance
Inapproriate muscle taks over function of a weak inhibited prime mover
Muscle imbalnace
Alteration of muscle length surronding a joint
OPT MODEL
Stabalization: ability to maintina postural quilibriam and support joints duing movemnet
Strenght: Ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force
Strenght endurence: Ability to repeatedly produce high level of force for prolonged periods
Muscular hypertophy: Enlargemnt of skeletal muscle fibers from resistane training
Maximal strenght: Maximal force a muscle can produce in a single vountary effort
Power: Ability to produce greatest force in shortest time
