Domain 1 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Nervous System
A
Communication network within the body
2
Q
Central Nervous system CNS
A
Brain and spinal cord it cordinates activity of they body
3
Q
Peripheral nervous system PNS
A
Nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body and enviroment
4
Q
Periphear nervous system subdivions
A
Somatic: Serves outer areas of the body and skeletal muscles.
Autonomic: Involntary systems such as heart or digestive system
5
Q
Autonmic subdivions
A
Parasympathetic: Decrease activiation during rest and recovery
Sypathetic: Increase activaition to prep for activity
6
Q
Neuron
A
Function unit of the nervouse system
7
Q
Motor (Efferent) neurons
A
Transmit nerve impules from CNS TO EFFECTOR SITES
8
Q
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
A
Respinde to stimuli; transmit nerve impules from effector sites to CNS
9
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
Sense distortion in body tissues
10
Q
Joint Receptors
A
Respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration on joints
11
Q
Golgi tendon organs GTO
A
Senses change in muscular tension
12
Q
Muscle Spindles
A
Sense Changes in muscle length
13
Q
Tendons
A
Connect muscle to bone and provide an ancor point for muscles to produce force
14
Q
Fascia
A
Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding a muscle
15
Q
Fascicles
A
Bundle of individule muscle fibers
16
Q
Muscle fiber
A
Celluelar components and myofibrils encaes in plasma membrane
17
Q
Sarcomere
A
Produces muscular contracation; repeating section of actin and myosin
18
Q
Sliding filament theory
A
Thick and think filaments slide past one another, shortening the entire sacomere
19
Q
Type 1 slow twitch muscles
A
smaller size and fatigue slowly
20
Q
Type 2 quick twtich muscles
A
larger in size are quick to produce maximal tension and fatigue quickly
21
Q
Motor unit
A
One motor neuron and the muscle fibers it connects with
22
Q
Neural activation
A
Contraction of a muscle generated by neaural stimulation
23
Q
Neurotransmitter
A
Chemicl messengers that transport impulses from nerve to muscle
24
Q
Local stabilaztion system
A
Attaches directly to vertebrea consistes of the transvere abdominis, internal oblique, multifidus, pelvic floor and diaphragm
25
Gloabl stabilizaiton system
Attaches from pelvis to spine, consistes of quadratus lumbrorum, psoas majorm external obliquem rectus abdominis, gluteus medius, adductir complex and portions of internal oblique
26
Movment system
Attaches the spin and or pelvis to the extremites consists od latissumus dordi, hip flexors, hamstring complez, quadricpes
27
Acial skleton
Skull, rib cage and verterbal column
28
Appendicular skelotin
Upper and lower extremites shoulder and pelvic gurdles
29
Skeletal system function
Supports, protects, allows bodily movemnts, produces blood and stores minerals
30
Depressions
Flattens or indenter portions of bone can be muscle attament sites
31
Process
Projection protruding from a bone, muscl, tendons and ligments that can attatch
32
Ligaments
Connects bone to none they have little blood supply and are slow to heal
33
Arthokinmmatics
Joint motions
34
Non- Synovial Joints
No joint cavity, conncetive tissues or cartulage, little to no movement
35
Synovial joints
Held together by joint capsule and ligaments. assocaited with movements
36
Major motion typers
Roll, slide, spin
37
Important motion types to know
Hinge: Elbows, ankles, sagittal plane movement
| Ball and socket: Shoulders hips, most modbile all three planes of motion
38
Weight baring exercise
Is the best method to strengthen bones
39
Endocrine system
System of glands secreaste homrmoes to regulate bodily function
40
Tesosterone
Responsible for male sex traits
41
Estrogen
Responsible for female sex traites
42
Growth Hormone
Anabolic hormone response for bodily groth until puberty
43
Insulin
Regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body
44
Cardiorespitory system
Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
45
Cardiovasuclar system
Heart, Blodd, and blood vessels
46
Cardiac muscle
Shorter more tightly connected that skelatl muscle this is involuntary
47
Atria
Small superior chambers of the heart that recives blood from veins
48
Right atrium
Gather deoxygenated blood returning to the hears
49
Left Atrium
Gather oxygenated blood from the lungs
50
Sinoatrail (SA) node
Located in righ atrium; initiates impules for heart heat rate this is the pacemaker for the heart
51
Ventricles
Larger inferior chambers of the heart pump blood out
52
Right Ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
53
Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
54
Arteris
Carry blood away from the heart
55
Veins
Transport blood back to the hearts
56
Atrerioles
Small branches of arteries end in capillaries
57
Capillaries
Smalled blood vessles site of gas, chemical and water exchange
58
Venules
Very small veins, connect capillaries to larger veins
59
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped with each contraction
60
Heart Rate
The rate of whcih the heart pumps blood the avererage untrained adult is 70-80Bpm
61
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped per minute heart rate x stroke volume
62
Rspiratory sytem
Lungs and repiratory passageways brings in oxygens and removes CO2
63
Inspiration
Contracting insiratiory muscles to move are into lungs
64
Insiratory muscles
Primary: Diaphragm, external intercosals
Seconday: Scalens, pectoralis mior and sternoclediomastoid
65
Expiration
Relaxing inspiratory muscles (Passive) contracting expuraty muscles ( Active) to move air out.
66
Ecpiratoty muscles
Internal inercostals abdominals
67
Resting oxygen consumption (Vo2)
3.5ml x kg^-1 x min^-1 = 1 metabolic equvalent =MET
68
Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2Max)
Highest rate of oxygen transport and untilization achived and maximal physical exertion
69
Abnoraml breathing patterns
Accoiated with stress and anxiety; may result in headaches, fatigue, poor circulation and poor sleep paterns
70
Cardiorespitroy exercise
Increase: Cardac output, breathing efficency, oxygen transport and use ,use of fats for fuel, mental alerness ability to relxax and sleep, tolerance to stress, lean body mass, metabolic rate
Decrease: ressting heart rate, cholesteral, blood pressure, and the risk of heart disease, blood clots, depression, anxiety, obesity, and diabetes
71
Bioenergetcs
Study of enery in the human body
72
Metabolism
Process in which nutrietns are acquired, tranports, and used and disposed of in the body
73
Aerobic
Requires oxygen
74
Anaerobic
With out oxygen
75
Adenosine triphosphate ATP
Energy storage and transfer unit with in cells
76
Anaerobic threshold
Where the body can no longer produce enough energy with normal oxygen intake
77
Exxess post oxygen consumption (EPOC)
Elevation of metablolism after exercise
78
Biomechanics
Scince concernd with internal and external forces actin on the body
79
Force
Influnce applied by one object to another, accelerates or decceralerate, the second object
80
Torque
A force that produces rotation
81
Lever and its 3 clasess
```
Ridged bar that rotates aroud and statonary fulcrum
1 class: fulcrum in the middle (nodding head)
2 class: resistance in the middle (Calf raise)
3 class effort in the middle (Biceps curl) this is the most common in human limbs
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82
Superior
Above a point of refernce
83
Inferior
Below a point of refernce
84
Proximal
Nearest to a point of reference
85
Distal
Farthest from a point of reference
86
Anterior
Front of the body
87
Posterior
Back of the body
88
Medial
Closer to center of body
89
Lateral
Farther from the middle fo the body
90
Contralateral
On opposite side of the body
91
Ipsilater
On same side of the body
92
Frontal Plan Motians and examples
Adduction/Abduction, Lateral flexion, Eversion/Inversion
| Side later raise, side lunge, side shuffle
93
Sagittal Plan
Flexion/Exstions
| Bicep curl, tricep push down, squat
94
Transverse Plan
Rotation, Horizontal aduction/abduction
| Throwing, golfing, swinging a bat, trunk rotation
95
Flexion
Bending movemnet decrease relative angle berween segments
96
Extsenton
Strightening movemnet increase relative angle between sements
97
Plantarflextion
Exenstion at the ankle
98
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle
99
Abduction
Movemnt in the frontal plan away from the middle
100
Adduction
Movemnet in the frontal plan toward the biddle
101
Horizontal abduction
Transvese plan arm movemnet from antior to lateral (Chest flys)
102
Horzontal adduction
Transverse plans arm movemnt from lateral to anterior
103
Internal rotation
Rotaion toward the middle of the body
104
Exteranl Rotation
Rotation away from the middle of the body
105
Concentric
Moving in the opposite direction of force, accelrate of produces foarce, the muscle shortnes
106
Eccentric
Muscle devolps tension while lengthing decelerates force
107
Isometric
Musclar force equal to resistive force, stabalizes force, no change in muscle lenght
108
Lenght tension relationship
Resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that lenght
109
Force couple
Muscle working togethor to produce movements
110
Forve velocity curve
As the velocity of a contraction increase concentric force decrease and eccentric force increase
111
Neuromuscular efficiency
Ability to produce and reduce force and stablize the kniectic chain in all three plans of motion
112
Strucatusl efficenecy
Allgnment of the musculoskelatal system that allows center of gravity to be maintained over a base of support
113
Davis law
Soft tissue models along the lines of stress
114
Autogenic inhibition
Nerual impules that sense tension are greater than the impulese that cause muscules to contrat provides inhibiroty effect to the muscle spingles
115
Reciporocl inhibions
Stimulaneous contranaction of one muscle, and relaxation of ints antagonist to allow movemnet
116
Relative flexability
Tendancy of the body to seek the path of least resistance
117
Pattern overload
Constietal repated the same motion places abnormal stresses on the body
118
Postural distotion patterns
Predictable patters of muscle imbalances
119
Altered recupocal inhibition
Muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist which inhibits its functional antagonist
120
Synergistic domiance
Inapproriate muscle taks over function of a weak inhibited prime mover
121
Muscle imbalnace
Alteration of muscle length surronding a joint
122
OPT MODEL
Stabalization: ability to maintina postural quilibriam and support joints duing movemnet
Strenght: Ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external force
Strenght endurence: Ability to repeatedly produce high level of force for prolonged periods
Muscular hypertophy: Enlargemnt of skeletal muscle fibers from resistane training
Maximal strenght: Maximal force a muscle can produce in a single vountary effort
Power: Ability to produce greatest force in shortest time
