Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DWT exam 1 > DNA viruses > Flashcards

DNA viruses Flashcards

1
Q

List of DNA viruses

A

herpesviridae
asfarviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Poxviridae
Adenoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Parvoviridae
Circoviridae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

herpes viruses shape and size

A
  • 200-250nm in diameter
  • double stranded DNA in icosahedral capsid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

herpes viruses cell entry and replication

A
  • enter cells by fusing with membrane
  • replicate in nucleus (DNA virus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

herpes virus once in body is:

A
  • latent in sensory ganglia, disease manifests when stressed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

herpes virus in the environment is

A
  • labile in environment (need close contact for transmission)
  • quarantine is effective for control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

herpes virus infects what types of cells?

A

Infect epithelial or endothelial cells
* Skin
* Mucous membranes
* Tracheal mucosa
* Liver
* Brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

active infections of herpes virus results in?

A

Active infection results in cell death
* Ulcers
* Erosions
* Hepatocellular necrosis
* Vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

bovine herpesvirus 1 subtypes

A

Three Subtypes: BHV1.1, 1.2 (1.2a, 1.2b)
* BHV1.1: Respiratory (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis- IBR) and reproductive (abortion)
* BHV 1.2: Genital (infectious pustular valvovaginitis)
* 1.2a: abortions/1.2b: no abortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

A
  • BHV-1 (bovine herpes virus) subtype 1.1
  • Aerosol transmission (nose-to-nose contact)
  • Virus replicates in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract
  • Becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglia
  • Reactivated in times of stress
  • Large amounts of virus are shed in nasal secretions
  • Strong immunity develops but secondary bacterial infections can result in severe disease

Respiratory disease
* Rhinitis
* Tracheitis
* Predisposes to secondary bacterial pneumonia – bovine respiratory disease complex

Reproductive disease
* Viremia in pregnant cows and infection of the fetus results in abortion
* Multifocal hepatic necrosis in the fetus with intranuclear inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Equine herpesvirus 1 strains

A

Two strains: EHV1 D752, N752
* A single nucleotide change results in more severe disease
* D752 – respiratory (rhinopneumonitis)/reproductive (abortion)/ neurologic
* N752 – respiratory/reproductive/non-neurologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

equine rhinopneumonitis

A
  • EHV-1 and EHV-4
  • Aerosol transmission (nose-to-nose contact)
  • Virus replicates in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and regional lymph nodes
  • Becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglia
  • Reactivated in times of stress
  • Large amounts of virus are shed in nasal secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

equine rhinopneumonitis respiratory disease

A
  • rhinitis
  • tracheitis
  • may extend into lungs especially in young animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Equine Rhinopneumonitis reproductive disease

A
  • Viremia in pregnant mares results in abortion
  • EHV-1 has a predilection for vascular endothelium resulting in placental vasculitis and thrombosis
  • Multifocal hepatic necrosis in the fetus with intranuclear inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Equine Herpes Myeloencephalopathy

A
  • Typically associated with the D752 strain EHV-1
  • Follows an outbreak of respiratory disease or abortion on the farm
  • The neurologic form is reportable in Virginia to the State Veterinarian
  • Vasculitis, necrosis, and hemorrhage in the spinal cord and brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Canine herpesvirus 1

A
  • Aerosol or in utero transmission (through the placenta)
  • Virus replicates in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, pharynx, and tonsils
  • Becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglia
  • Reactivated in times of stress
  • Large amounts of virus are shed in nasal and vaginal secretions
  • DIFFERENCE: Replication is most efficient in temperatures BELOW body temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Canine herpesvirus 1 and whelping/puppies

A
  • Neonatal pups are most susceptible, especially in the first 3 weeks of life (hard time regulating body temp)
  • If the dam is infected within 3 weeks of whelping, the puppies will be infected through the placenta
  • The entire litter may be affected
  • Morbidity and mortality are high
  • The dam will develop immunity and subsequent litters will be unaffected
  • Dead puppies will have multifocal necrosis in multiple organs, and hemorrhage in the kidneys with intranuclear inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

feline herpesvirus 1

A
  • Aerosol transmission (nose-to-nose contact)
  • Virus replicates in the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and conjunctivia
  • Becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglia
  • Reactivated in times of stress
  • Large amounts of virus are shed in nasal secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

feline viral rhinotracheitis

A

Accounts for 40% of respiratory disease in cats
Acute upper respiratory tract infection
* Sneezing
* Hypersalivation
* Conjunctivitis

Can lead to ulcerative keratitis
Secondary bacterial infections can result in pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

feline viral rhinotracheitis

A

Accounts for 40% of respiratory disease in cats
Acute upper respiratory tract infection
* Sneezing
* Hypersalivation
* Conjunctivitis

Can lead to ulcerative keratitis
Secondary bacterial infections can result in pneumonia

20
Q

porcine herpesvirus 1

A

“Aujeszky’s disease” in pigs
“Pseudorabies” in other species
* PHV-1 is the only one of these alphaherpesviruses that can infect other species but it is not zoonotic (not people)
* Pseudorabies eradication has been successful in US swine herds, but wild pigs may still be infected

21
Q

Aujeszky’s Disease

A

Porcine herpesvirus 1
* Aerosol transmission (nose-to-nose contact)
* Virus replicates in the epithelium of the oropharynx and tonsils
* Spreads to regional lymph nodes and brain via the cranial nerves
* Becomes latent in the trigeminal ganglia
* Reactivated in times of stress
* Large amounts of virus are shed in nasal secretions, milk, and semen
* Mortality can reach almost 100% in suckling pigs
* Neurologic signs predominate in young pigs
* Infections of sows can result in abortion with hepatic necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in the fetus
* Pseudorabies in other species manifests as severe neurologic disease and pruritis (itchiness) and death within a few days

22
Q

gammaherpes viruses similarities

A
  • Infect lymphocytes
  • Produce latent infection in lymphocytes
  • Can cause neoplastic transformation
  • dont cause disease in HOST species
23
Q

malignant catarrhal fever

A

gammaherpes virus
Types:
* Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (Sheep associated)
* Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (Wildebeest) associated
* Caprine gammaherpesvirus 2 (Goat associated)

There is no clinical disease in natural reservoir hosts
Severe disease can occur in susceptible hosts
Transmission between susceptible hosts does not occur
Species affected:
* Cattle
* Deer
* Giraffes
* Pigs
* Bison

24
Q

malignant catarrhal fever clinical signs

A

Vasculitis (hemorrhage) and primary necrosis of epithelium
Corneal edema (blue eyes)
Mucopurulent nasal discharge
Gastrointestinal and bladder hemorrhage
Neurologic disease
Cutaneous disease
Fatal lymphoproliferative disease

25
Q

parvoviruses similarities

A
  • Replicate in the nucleus of rapidly dividing cells (ex: crypt epithelial cells, leukocytes, and the developing fetus), Forms intranuclear inclusion bodies
  • Stable in the environment (Does not require direct contact with infected animals to transmit)
  • Resistant to heat, solvents, disinfectants, pH changes
  • Biosecurity is key to limiting transmission to healthy animals
  • SMALL (Range in size from 18 – 26 nm in diameter)
  • Linear, single stranded DNA genome
  • DNA is converted to double stranded DNA by host DNA polymerase
  • Canine parvovirus, mink enteritis virus, and raccoon parvovirus are host-range mutants of feline panleukopenia virus
26
Q

feline panleukopenia

A

feline parvovirus
* Endemic in unvaccinated cats
* Disease occurs primarily in weaned kittens after maternal antibody wanes
* Seasonal pattern is related to the birth of kittens
* Transplacental infection results in
* Fetal death (abortion) or
* Cerebellar hypoplasia
* Virus shedding through feces results in contaminated environments
* Transmission is through inhalation or ingestion
* Viral replication in the oropharynx and regional lymph nodes
* Viremia develops in 24 hours and the virus infects mitotically active cells (Intestinal crypts, Bone marrow, Thymus, Lymph node, Spleen)
* Destruction of infected cells results in villous atrophy and panleukopenia (low macrocytes)

27
Q

feline panleukopenia clinical signs

A
  • depression vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • fetal death/abortion
  • intention tremors (cerebellar ataxia)
  • death secondary to dehydration and secondary infection
28
Q

canine parvovirus

A
  • High morbidity and mortality
  • Pups infected in utero died of myocarditis and heart failure until the adults developed immunity
  • most common disease seen is acute enteric disease in dogs between weaning and 6 months of age
  • mutates, new variants emerge (2a, 2b, and 2c)
  • Transmission is through ingestion
  • Viral replication in the oropharynx and Peyer’s patches
  • Viremia develops in 24 hours and the virus infects mitotically active cells (Intestinal crypts, Bone marrow, Thymus, Lymph node, Spleen)
  • Destruction of infected cells results in villous atrophy and immune suppression
29
Q

canine parvovirus clinical signs

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Depression
  • Vomiting
  • Bloody diarrhea
  • Fetal death through myocardial necrosis
  • Death occurs secondary to dehydration and endotoxemia (toxins from bacteria)
30
Q

porcine parvovirus

A
  • An important cause of reproductive failure worldwide
  • Sows are immune in endemic farms but gilts may be susceptible to infection during mating and pregnancy
  • The virus targets mitotically active cells in the fetus
  • Transplacental infection occurs 10-14 days after infection
  • Damage to the fetus usually occurs before 70 days gestation (before the fetus develops immunity)

No diarrhea, just abortion

31
Q

porcine parvovirus and age of fetus infection

A

The age of the fetus determines the outcome
* Infection of embryos – resorption and infertility
* Before day 70 – still birth or mummification
* After day 70 – pigs are born alive and healthy

SMEDI: Stillbirth Mummification Early embryonic Death Infertility

32
Q

General parvovirus similarities for All

A

Virus infects rapidly dividing cells
Virus is extremely stable in the environment

33
Q

canine and feline parvovirus similarities

A

Primarily enteric
May be some fetal death/abortion
Cats are more likely to have panleukopenia
In utero infection in cats can result in cerebellar hypoplasia

34
Q

key concepts pox viruses

A
  • Unlike other DNA viruses, pox viruses replicate in the cytoplasm
  • Intracytoplasmic inclusions instead of intranuclear
  • Poxviruses are the largest viruses that cause disease in domestic animals
  • Enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses
  • Stable in the environment under dry conditions
  • Generalized infections result in cell-associated viremia
  • Systemic infection results in life-long immunity
  • Local infections develop transient immunity and recurrence is possible
35
Q

pox viruses transmission

A
  • Aerosol
  • Direct contact
  • Mechanical (insects)
36
Q

general pox virus infection clinical signs

A

Infection usually results in raised skin lesions that progress to scabs
* Viral proteins are released (including epidermal growth factor) resulting in epidermal proliferation
* Endothelial infection results in vasculitis

37
Q

capripox viruses

A
  • Causes generalized infection and characteristic skin lesions
  • Eradicated from the US (foreign animal/reportable diseases)
  • Sheep pox and goat pox
  • Lumpy skin disease in cattle
38
Q

avipox viruses types

A

Fowl pox
* Affects chickens and turkeys
* Causes lesions on the head and oral mucous membranes
* Transmitted by biting arthropods

Pigeon pox
Turkey pox

39
Q

suipoxvirus

A

pigs
mild skin disease
transmitted by pig louse

40
Q

parapoxvirus

A

All parapoxviruses are transmissible to humans
Orf
* Affects young sheep
* Lesions around the muzzle and lips

Bovine papular stomatitis
* Affects young calves
* Lesions on the muzzle, tongue and esophagus

Pseudocowpox
* Lesions are common on the teat
* Causes milker’s nodules in people

41
Q

Orf

A

parapox virus, transmissable to humans
Affects young sheep
Lesions around the muzzle and lips

42
Q

bovine papular stomatitis

A

parapoxvirus, transmissable to humans
Affects young calves
Lesions on the muzzle, tongue and esophagus

43
Q

pseudocowpox

A

parapoxvirus, transmissable to humans
Lesions are common on the teat
Causes milker’s nodules in people

44
Q

leporipoxviruses

A

effect squirrel and rabbit
effect mesenchymal cells (connective tissue)

45
Q

rabbit myxoma virus

A

leporipoxvirus
* Cottontail rabbits are the natural host and develop only mild disease
* effect mesenchymal cells (connective tissue)
* European rabbits develop severe disease with swelling of the facial and periocular tissues
* The virus was introduced to Europe, Australia, and Chile as a biological control measure

46
Q

squirrel fibroma virus

A

leporipoxvirus, effect mesenchymal cells (connective tissue)
cause fibromas in squirrels

DWT exam 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions