Clin Path Flashcards
perameters that reflect how many RBC in blood
RBC concentration
hemoglobin concentration
hematocrit %
packed cell volume (PVC)
red cell indicies
MCV
MCH
MCHC
plasma
free fluid component of blood after anticoagulent added
color variations can give information about disease
packed cell volume
PCV %
measured in microhematocrit tube
should = Hct (believe PCV)
how many RBCs
hematocrit
Hct
RBC M x MCV /10 (dont memorize)
should equal PCV (believe PCV)
how many RBCs
hemoglobin concentration
Hgb
how many RBCs
1/3 PCV (dont memorize)
RBC concentration
how many RBCs
mean cell volume (MCV)
size of RBC
mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
how much hemoglobin in a cell
erythrocytosis
Too many RBC
High PCV/Hct/RBC/Hgb
lots of RBC, less plasma
dehydration
anemia
less RBCs
low PCV/Hct/RBC/Hgb
PCV artifacts
sample storage (increase)
hemolysis (decrease)
Hct artifacts
RBC agglutination (unpredictable)
hemolysis (decrease)
RBC mass artifacts
sample storage - decrease
RBC agglutination and hemolysis - decrease
Hgb artifacts
lipemia, hemolysis, heinz bodies cause increased hgb
cat reticulocytes
aggregate reticulocytes (important, ones we count)
punctate reticulocytes (stay for 2-3 weeks)
reticulocyte # that shows dog/cat/horse is responding to anemia
dog: >80,000
cat: >60,000
horse: none, in marrow
reticulocytes
young RBCs
use absolute reticulocyte (retic#)
show how marrow is making RBCs
nucleated RBCs (nRBC)
usually less than 3 per 100 RBCs
measures marrow health, splenic health
metarubricytosis
increased nucleated RBCs
appropriate: erythroid hyperplasia
inappropriate: bone marrow disease (leukemia, fracture, hypoxia), splenic disease (no spleen, cancer)
microcytosis
small RBCs (MCV)
artifacts: short draws (too much EDTA), hyponatremia
physiologic: young animals <1 year, asian dog breeds
pathologic: irondeficiency, liver disease
macrocytosis
big RBCs (MCV)
artifact: agglutination, sample storage, hypernatremia, hyperglycemia
physologic: poodles
pathologic: Reticulocytosis, FeLV infection, Folate/Cobalamin deficiency
hyperchromasia
high MCHC (too much hemoglobin in RBC)
always an artifact: lipemia, hemolysis, short draws, heinz bodies, hypernatremia
hypochromasia
less hemoglobin in RBC (MCHC)
artifacts: sample storage, Hypernatremia, Hyperglycemia
pathologic: Reticulocytosis, Iron deficiency, Liver disease (failure, portosystemic shunt), Folate/Cobalamin deficiency
macrocytic hypochromic
look for reticulocytes
regenerative anemias
microcytic hypochromic
iron deficiency
regenerative or non regenerative
anemia clinical signs
Pathogenesis
◦ Tissue hypoxia
History
◦ Lethargy, exercise intolerance
Physical Exam
◦ Pale mucus membranes
◦ Hemodynamic compensation
◦ Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
anemia clinical signs
Pathogenesis
◦ Tissue hypoxia
History
◦ Lethargy, exercise intolerance
Physical Exam
◦ Pale mucus membranes
◦ Hemodynamic compensation
◦ Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
nonregenerative anemia
hypoplasia (atrophy)
reticulocytes, neutrophils, platlets
regenerative anemia
Hemorrhage (Reticulocytes, Plasma protein)
Hemolysis (Reticulocytes, Plasma appearance)
If onset is less that 2-3 days it looks like non regenerative becuase regeneration has not started yet
acute hemorrhage regeneration
- blood loss
- fluid redistribution (more plasma decreases concentration of plasma proteins)
- reticulocytosis increases # of RBCs
chronic hemorrhage clinical signs and CBC results
no or mild clinical symptoms
internal hemorrhage: no iron deficiency
external hemorrhage: yes iron deficiency
internal hemorrhage
hemorrhage into body space that is closed
no iron deficiency
external hemorrhage
hemorrhage to exterior
can be GI tract
yes iron deficiecy
iron deficiecy cell division/differentiation
extra division, smaller cells result
chronic exteral hemorrhage patterns
central palor in RBC
iron deficiency
hypochromasia
anisocytosis
variation in cell size of RBCs
poikilocytosis
abnormal RBC shapes
ex: schistocytes
schistocytes
fragments of RBCs
thrombocytosis
increased # of platelets
