DNA Unit Flashcards
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What are the 2 reasons why DNA is unique?
DNA has 2 strands, every person has a different set.
What are the building blocks of DNA?
Nucleotides
What are the 4 nitrogen bases present in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
What are Purines?
Two Ringed / Adenine, Guanine
What are Pyrimidines
One ringed / Thymine, Cytosine
Which 4 scientists discovered the double helix and what year?
Franklin, Crick, Wilkins, Watson (1953)
What did Erwin Chargaff discover?
found that the ratios of AT and GC are equal (Amount of A = Amount of T)
Backbone of DNA is made of…
Deoxyribose and phosphate groups
What holds the DNA molecule together?
Hydrogen bond between the nucleotides
What enzyme unzips the strands in DNA replication?
DNA Helicase
tRNA
(Transfer RNA), found in cytoplasm, bonds to specific amino acids, carries acid to ribosomes.
mRNA
(Messenger RNA) found in the nucleus, then moves to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores. Single uncoiled chain - carries info, dna, from the nucleus to cytoplasm.
rRNA
forms ribosomes which are essential for protein synthesis, most common, least understood.
What are 4 differences between RNA and DNA?
DNA has 2 strands present, RNA had 1
DNA is 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose), RNA is just Ribose
DNA’s Nitrogen bases are ATCG, RNA AUGC
What is transcription? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?
The process of cloning DNA into RNA to make proteins, occurs in the nucleus
What enzyme is responsible for transcription?
RNA polymerase.
How does mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a cell?
Pores in the nucleus.
What are introns and exons?
INtron is the extra or non coding sequence
EXtron is the coding sequence or used
What is the universal start codon and what amino acid does it code for?
methionine
What are the 3 stop codons?
Serine valine alanine
What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell (nucleus or cytoplasm)?
Where the rna is translated into codons or amino acids that make up the protein synthesis located in the cytoplasm.
Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are called ____
Point mutations
Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as _____
Chromosomal mutations
In what way(s), if any, do most mutations change organisms?
hair color, skin color, height, shape, behavior, and susceptibility to disease
What are the 3 types of substitution?
Missense mutation - changes the amino acid
Silent mutation - Does not change the amino acid
Nonsense mutation - Amino acid changes to a stop codon
What are the 4 examples of chromosomal mutations? Explain each.
Deletion -
Duplication -
Inversion -
Translocation -
