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Molecular Biochemistry > DNA transcription and translation > Flashcards

DNA transcription and translation Flashcards

1
Q

Fs[The interconversion of heterochromatin to euchromatin is called _____

and vice versa

A

Chromatin remodeling

by acetylation majorly

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2
Q

RNA Polymerase 1 synthesizes

A

28S
18S
5.8S rRna

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3
Q

RNA Polymerase 2 synthesizes

A

snRNA
miRNA
mRNA
snoRNA

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4
Q

Where is the TATA sequence found

A

25 nucleotides upstream of transcription starting site

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5
Q

TATA sequence is also called as

A

Hognes Box

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6
Q

CAAT box is found

A

75-80 nucleotides upstream

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7
Q

in which kind of sequence is TATA box not present {constitutive/non constitutive}

A

Constitutive

GC rich sequence is present instead

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8
Q

How do transcription factors bind DNA

A

Helix-loop-helix
Zinc fingers
leucine zippers

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9
Q

Promotes are called _____ binding factors {cis/trans}

A

Cis

Transcription factors are calles trans

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10
Q

Function of TFIID

A

recognized and binds the TATA box

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11
Q

Function of TFIIF

A

Brings polymerase to promoter

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12
Q

Function of TFIIH

A

Melts the DNA and phosphorylates polymerase to promoter

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13
Q

What is the function of coactivators

A

Chromatin remodeling

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14
Q

Inhibitor of RNA polymerase II

A

Alpha amanitin

binds tightly with RNA pol II and causes dysentry and hepatotoxicity

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15
Q

Where does rRNA synthesis and processing occur

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

Post transcriptional modifications for tRNA

A

(i) Removal of intron from anticodon loop
(ii) Addition of CCA to 3’ end
(iii) Production of unusual bases (hydrouracil, pseudouracil, methylation of bases)

i- nuclease ii- nucleotidyltransferase

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17
Q

Steps involved in processing of mRNA

A

Capping
Polyadenylation
Splicing

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18
Q

Enzyme required in capping

A

Guanylyltransferase

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19
Q

Site for capping

A

cytosol

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20
Q

Source of methyl group in capping

A

S adenosyl methionine

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21
Q

Role of capping

A

Stabilize mRNA
initiation of translation

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22
Q

Enzyme in tailing

A

Polyadenylate polymerase

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23
Q

What is the polyadenylation signal sequence

A

AAUAA

found near 3’ end

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24
Q

Function of tailing

A

Stabilize mRNA
facilitate its exit from nucleus
Aids in translation

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25
Q

What happens to polyA tail upon entering the cytosol

A

It shortens

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26
Q

Name the molecular complex which causes splicing

A

Spliceosome

27
Q

which primary transcript contains no introns

A

Transcripts from histone genes

28
Q

Name an autoimmune condition which result from individual antibodies against their own nuclear proteins like snRNPs

A

Systematic Lupus Erythromatosus

Anti U1 snRNP (also with mixed CT disease and other rheumatic dis )

29
Q

Name a disease which can happen due to mutation in the process of splicing

A

Beta Thalassemia

30
Q

What are the components required for translation

A

Amino Acid
tRNA
Amino acyl tRNA synthetase
mRNA
Ribosomes
Protein factors
ATP
GTP

31
Q

Wobble hypothesis

A

The mechanism by which tRNA can recognize more than one codon for a specific amino acid

32
Q

Basis/Why does wobble occur

A

base at 5’ end of anticodon is not as spatially define as those at 3’ end

33
Q

where does mRNA quality processing occurs

A

cytoplasmic processing bodies

34
Q

Name the enzymes present in P bodies

A

Exonuclease
Decapping
microRNA

35
Q

mutation in what sequence leads to early degradation prior to translation

A

AAUAA

35
Q

what is the initiation site in most eukaryotic mRNA

A

Kozak sequence

36
Q

mutation in which sequence leads to impairment in initiation of translation

A

Kozak sequence

37
Q

in transcription which enzyme opens DNA at promoter site

A

RNA polymerase 2

38
Q

Which drug inhibits RNA polymerase in both pro and eu

A

Dactinomycin

39
Q

Which drug inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase in pro

A

Rifamycins

rifampicin and rifabutin

40
Q

What disease can mutation in snRNP cause

A

Floppy baby syndrome

41
Q

Floppy baby syndrome

A

Dec in SMN prot —-> effected snRNP assembly —> congenital degeneration of ant horn of spinal cord —-> symmetric weakness

ant horn - corticospinal tract

42
Q

What does spliceosome consist of

A

snRNP and snRNA bound to proteins like Smith proteins

43
Q

role of arms in tRNA

A

T- tethers tRNA to ribosome
D- Detection of tRNA by amino acyl tRNA synthetase

44
Q

What does a mischarges tRNA do

A

reads usual codon but inserts wrong amino acid

45
Q

_______kinases are regulatory proteins that regulate the transition to the S phase of the cell cycle and whose concentrations remain constant.

A

Cyclin dependent

46
Q

are regulatory proteins that regulate the transition to the S phase of the cell cycle and whose concentrations increase and decrease with the cell cycle.

A

Cyclin

47
Q

Most cells contain a checkpoint at the ____ phase of the cell cycle, often termed the restriction point.

A

G1

48
Q

A ______hybrid is a small segment where messenger RNA is still hydrogen-bonded to template DNA during the elongation phase of DNA transcription.

A

DNA-RNA

49
Q

The ______phase promoting factor is a protein complex that is required to allow the cell to move from the G2 phase to the M phase.

A

M

50
Q

What do eIF identify

A

5’ cap
help to assemble 40S ribosome unit with initiator tRNA

51
Q

ATP is required for

A

tRNA activation

52
Q

GTP is required for

A

tRNA translocation

53
Q

Synthesis occurs from _ terminus to _ terminus (N/C)

A

n to c

54
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes peptide bond formation

A

ribozyme

55
Q

______ factors are target of bacterial toxins

Diphtheria; Pseudomonas

A

Elongation

56
Q

Which sequence aligns ribosome with start codon in pro

identified by 16S ribosome

A

Shine Dalgarno sequence

57
Q

Name 2 major post translational modifications

A

Trimming
Covalent alteration

58
Q

Trimming

A

Removal of n or c terminal propeptides from zymogen

59
Q

Give example of covalent alterations

A

Phosphorylation
Hydroxylation
Glycosylation
Methylation
Acetylation
Ubiquitation

60
Q

In yeast which protein is constitutively expressed

A

HSP60

61
Q

What leads to increase in expression of chaperone proteins

A

high temp
acidic pH
hypoxia

to prevent denaturation or misfolding of protein

62
Q

Which factors recognizes stop codons

A

Eukaryotic releasing factors

63
Q

miRNA binds to which part of the mRNA to inhibit translation?

A

3’ UTR region

Molecular Biochemistry (6 decks)

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