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Bio > DNA - The blueprint > Flashcards

DNA - The blueprint Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is a DNA nucleotide made of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon sugar molecule), a phosphate group (-ve charge), and a nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

What are the 2 classes of nitrogen bases?

A

Purines (Made of 2 rings), and Pyrimidnines (Made of 1 ring)

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4
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases and their respective classification?

A

Adenine (Purine), Guanine (Purine), Thymine (Pyrimidine), Cytosine (Pyrimidine).

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5
Q

How are the monomers of DNA joined together?

A

Condensation polymerisation.

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6
Q

What are the bonds that hold the monomers of DNA to other monomers?

A

Phosphodiester bonds.

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7
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double-Helix made up of a sugar-phosphate backbone and with complementary nitrogen bases in between.

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8
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

Adenine always pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine always pairs with Guanine.

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9
Q

What is a histone?

A

It is a protein that DNA molecules carefully twist around. It looks like beads on a string.

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA-histone complex.

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11
Q

What are single chromosomes and replicated chromosomes made of?

A

Chromatids. Replicated chromosomes are joined by a centromere.

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12
Q

What are the components of the cell theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the smallest unit of life
  3. All cells arise from existing cells
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13
Q

What is step 1 of DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase unwinds the double helix and breaks the H bonds between the nitrogen bases.

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14
Q

What is DNA helicase?

A

It is an enzyme that unwinds the double helix of DNA

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15
Q

What is step 2 of DNA replication?

A

Single-strand binding proteins attach to each strand of DNA to prevent them from rejoining/reannealing together.

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16
Q

What is step 3 of DNA replication?

A

A short sequence of RNA nucleotides is added to the DNA by an enzyme called RNA primase.

17
Q

What is step 4 of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template strand one at a time, starting at the 3’ end of the RNA primer. A protein called the sliding clamp helps the polymerase fill in the gaps with the complementary DNA nucleotides..

18
Q

What is step 5 of DNA replication?

A

Another enzyme called nuclease removes the primer from the template strands and DNA polymerase fills in the gaps with complementary DNA nucleotides.

19
Q

What is step 6 of DNA replication?

A

The enzyme DNA ligase joins the sections of replicated DNA into a single long strand.

Bio (3 decks)

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