Cellular Reproduction Flashcards
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase, Mitotic phase, and Cytokinesis
What are the three phases of the interphase?
G1 phase, S phase, and the G2 phase
What happens during the G1 phase?
The cell grows and normal cellular functions occur
What happens during the S phase?
DNA replication happens
What happens during the G2 phase?
Cell grows and prepares for division
What are the 5 phases of the Mitotic phase?
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
What happens during the Prophase?
The replicated DNA condenses and becomes visible with a light microscope; the centrioles start to produce spindle fibers and move to the opposite ends (the poles) of the cell
What happens during the Prometaphase?
The nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to doubled chromosomes at the centromeres.
What happens during the Metaphase?
The spindle fibers move the chromosomes to line up, single file, down the centre (the equator) of the cell.
What happens during the Anaphase?
The spindle fibers are pulled back towards the centrioles; the centromeres are torn and the sister chromatids are separated; the chromosomes are pulled towards the opposite poles of the cell.
What happens during the Telophase?
The two groups of chromosomes reach the poles of the cell; a nuclear envelope starts to form around each group; the spindle breaks down; and the chromosomes start to unwind.
What happens during cytokinesis?
It is the process of dividing the cytoplasm.
What are the phases of meiosis?
Prophase I and II, Metaphase I and II, Anaphase I and II, Telophase I and II, and cytokinesis
What happens during Prophase I
The replicated DNA condenses; the centrioles start to produce spindle fibers and move to the opposite ends of the cell; the nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to condensed doubled chromosomes at the centromeres; homologs pair up.
What happens during Metaphase I
The spindle fibers move the chromosomes to line up in homologous pairs, down the equator of the cell.
What happens during Anaphase I
The spindle fibers are pulled back towards the centrioles; the homologous pairs are separated; the doubled homologs are pulled towards the opposite poles of the cell; sister chromatids remain together.
What happens during Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Often occur at the same time; a cleavage furrow or cell plate forms and separates the cytoplasm into two separate cells; in some species a temporary nuclear envelop forms around the two groups of chromosomes.
What are the phases of Meiosis II? (Similar to Mitosis btw)
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and cytokinesis again
What happens during Prophase II?
The spindle reforms and attaches to the centromeres of the condensed double chromosomes.
What happens during Metaphase II?
the spindle fibers move the chromosomes to line up, single file, down the equator of the cell.
What happens during Anaphase II?
the spindle fibers are pulled back towards the centrioles; the sister chromatids are separated; the chromosomes are pulled towards the opposite poles of the cell.
What happens during Telophase II, and cytokinesis?
The groups of chromosomes reach the poles of the cell; a nuclear envelope starts to form around each group; the spindle breaks down; the chromosomes start to unwind; and a cleavage furrow or cell plate forms to separate the cytoplasm into separate cells.
