DNA Structure and Processes Flashcards
What does DNA store?
The genetic material of the body
How many nucleotides make up genes? Name them.
4 namely: Adenine, Thynine, Cytosine, Guanine
What is DNA first transcribed to?
RNA
What is a genome?
The entire genetic material of a cell that stores cellular information later transformed into functional and structural roles
What are Alleles?
responsible for the diversity of traits or characteristics in a population or among individuals within a species. Example eye colour
What are chromosomes?
Long strands of DNA coiled around proteins called histones.
What are introns?
Non coding regions of DNA. They are taken out before translation to make a mature mRNA.
What are exons?
Coding regions of DNA.
What links the nucleotides within a DNA strand?
phosphodiester bond
How many components make up a nucleotide? Name them
- Namely:
- The carbon monosaccharide deoxyribose (sugar)
- A phosphate group
- A nitrogenous base
What is attached to carbon 1?
The nitrogenous base
What is attached to carbon 5?
A phosphate group
What two groups are the nucleotide bases divided into?
Purines and pyrimidines
Name the purines?
Adenine and guanine
What is attached to the carbon 3?
OH
What holds the two strands of a DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thynine?
2
What is the central dogma?
Represents information flow within organisms. DNA->RNA->Protein
Why is DNA replication necessary?
essential for the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation of cells or organisms to the next.
What is DNA transcription?
the process by which a complementary RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template strand.
What direction does replication take place?
5 prime to 3 prime
What two molecules separate the strands in DNA replication?
topoisomerase and helicase
What does DNA polymerase do?
adds nucleotides into a 3 prime end of a growing DNA strand
DNA is semi conservative. What does that mean?
Only one strand is new while another comes from the parent
What is the name of the strand that is synthesized continously?
The leading strand
What is the name of that short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
The Okazaki strand
What is RNA?
Ribonucleic Acid is a molecule that serves as a temporary copy of genetic information from DNA and plays essential roles in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and various cellular processes.
T/F RNA is double stranded
False RNA is single stranded
What sugar is in RNA?
ribose
What are the three types of RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus of the cell
What is the name of the enzyme used to synthesize DNA?
DNA polymerase
List the components of ribonucleotides?
Ribose
Phosphate group
The nitrigenous base
What separates DNA strands for replication?
helicase and topoisomerase
What keeps the DNA strands from going back together?
Single-stranded Binding Protein
What is the cite of protein synthesis?
The ribosome
What does tRNA DO?
transfers the amino acids to be incorporated into the protein.
