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Biological Molecules > DNA + RNA > Flashcards

DNA + RNA Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of structure does DNA have?

A

A double stranded helix structure

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2
Q

What does a nucleotide of DNA contain?

A

A pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group and an organic base

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3
Q

What makes up the backbone of a nucleotide of DNA?

A

A phosphate group and a pentose sugar

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4
Q

What are the organic base pairs?

A

Adenine + thymine
Guanine + cytosine

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5
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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6
Q

What organic base does RNA have?

A

Adenine + Uracil
Cytosine + guanine

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7
Q

What does a nucleotide of RNA contain?

A

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar (ribose), and an organic base

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8
Q

What are the differences between the structure of DNA and RNA?

A
  • DNA has deoxyribose as pentose sugar but RNA has ribose
  • DNA has thymine as a organic base but RNA has uracil instead
  • DNA doesn’t contain oxygen on the second carbon but ribose does
  • RNA strands were shorter than DNA polynucleotides
  • in RNA nucleotides form a single polynucleotide strand
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9
Q

What bond does the phosphate make with the organic base ?

A

A phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

What does a phosphodiester bond do?

A

It holds adjacent DNA together

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11
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

To store genetic information. It has all the instructions needed to grow and develop from a fertilised egg to a fully grown adult.

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12
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

RNA transfers genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes. Ribosomes are made from proteins and RNA

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13
Q

How do two DNA poly nucleotide strands join together?

A

They join together by hydrogen bonds between the bases.

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14
Q

Describe how a DNA double helix is formed from two polynucleotide strands.

A

Two DNA polynucleotide strands join together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairing. Adenine and thymine had cytosine and Guanine. 2 h bonds form between A and T and 3 for C and G. The antiparallel strands then twist round each other to form the DNA double helix.

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15
Q

What are mutagers?

A

Mutagers are chemical that cause mutations and damages DNA. This can lead to cancer

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16
Q

What does the phosphodiester backbone do?

A

It protects the more chemically reactive bases inside the double helix

17
Q

What is the benefit of cytosine and guanine having 3 hydrogen bonds instead of 2 ?

A

It makes the bonds stronger which means it makes it more stable.

18
Q

What is base stacking?

A

Additional force between opposite base pairs that holds the molecule together.

19
Q

How does DNA structure aid it’s function?

A

It has a phosphodiester backbone- prevents organic bases reacting with environment
Long/large molecule- stored alot of information
Double helix structure - makes DNA compact
Weak hydrogen bonds join base pairs- easily broken for DNA replication
Double stranded - allows replication from template strands
Base sequence- allows info to be stored
Base stacking - makes DNA stable

20
Q

What is needed during interphase ?

A
  • DNA molecule needs to be replicated
  • free DNA nucleotides
  • DNA helicase enzyme
  • DNA polymerase enzyme
21
Q

Describe how DNA is replicated

A
  • DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds which separates the strands
    -both strands now act as templates
  • the free nucleotides are attracted to their complementary bases
  • hydrogen bonds reform
    -complementary base paring
  • the DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides of the new strand
  • creates a phosphodiester bond
  • this results in a semi- conservative replication as new DNA molecules contain on old strand and one new strand
22
Q

The Meselson and stall’s experiment

A

They showed that DNA is replicated using semi-conservative method:
1) two samples of E-coil bacteria were grown for generation on in a nutrient broth containing N15 nutrient agar (heavy) and one in N14 nutrient agar (light)
2) DNA was extracted from both nutrient broth and then spun in a centrifuge. N15 was lower because it was heavier and N14

Biological Molecules (8 decks)

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