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Bio Unit 4 > DNA Replication, Transcription, & Translation > Flashcards

DNA Replication, Transcription, & Translation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, M

G1 - Growth, S - DNA synthesis, G2 - Growth and preparation for mitosis, M - Mitosis (cell division)

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2
Q

What role does DNA helicase play in DNA replication?

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands

DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double helix.

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3
Q

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA synthesis

The DNA double helix unwinds, and complementary nucleotides are added.

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4
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase in DNA replication?

A

Adds complementary nucleotides to the original DNA template

DNA Polymerase creates new strands of DNA.

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5
Q

What is the result of DNA replication?

A

Two identical DNA double helices

Each helix consists of one old and one new DNA strand.

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6
Q

What term describes the method of DNA replication where one old and one new strand are created?

A

Semi-conservative

Each new DNA molecule contains one original and one newly synthesized strand.

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7
Q

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA → mRNA → Protein → Trait

This describes the flow of genetic information.

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8
Q

What are the two major processes involved in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

These processes convert DNA information into proteins.

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9
Q

What is Transcription?

A

The process where a DNA sequence of a gene is copied to make an RNA molecule

Transcription involves reading the DNA sequence and creating mRNA.

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10
Q

Where does Transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

This is the site where DNA is transcribed into mRNA.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of DNA becoming a polypeptide then a protein is known as _______.

A

Protein Synthesis

This includes both transcription and translation processes.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of creating mRNA during transcription?

A

To carry the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

mRNA serves as a template for translation.

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13
Q

What is the RNA sequence that corresponds to the DNA sequence ATGATSTIGTAA?

A

AUGAUCUCGUAA

This demonstrates the transcription process where DNA is converted to mRNA.

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14
Q

What type of structure does DNA have?

A

Double strand

DNA is composed of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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15
Q

Which base does DNA contain that RNA does not?

A

Thymine

In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

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16
Q

What sugar is found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose is the sugar component of DNA nucleotides.

17
Q

Where does DNA stay within a cell?

A

Nucleus

DNA is primarily located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

18
Q

What is the primary function of DNA?

A

Genetic material

DNA carries the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.

19
Q

What type of nucleic acid is RNA?

A

Nucleic acid

RNA is a type of nucleic acid that plays essential roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

20
Q

What is the structure of RNA?

A

Single strand

RNA typically consists of a single strand of nucleotides.

21
Q

Which sugar is present in RNA?

A

Ribose

Ribose is the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.

22
Q

Can RNA leave the nucleus?

A

Yes

Unlike DNA, RNA can exit the nucleus to participate in protein synthesis.

23
Q

What is Translation?

A

Process where the sequences of mRNA are decoded to specify the amino acid sequences of a polypeptide

Translation occurs in the ribosome of the cell.

24
Q

What is the role of mRNA in translation?

A

It is translated into amino acids

mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

25
Q

What are codons?

A

Sequences of three nucleotides

Codons are the basic units of the genetic code in mRNA.

26
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

Cell decodes mRNA by reading nucleotides in groups of three, called codons

Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid or a stop signal in protein synthesis.

27
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code in RNA

Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of translation occurs in the _______.

A

Ribosome

Ribosomes are the cellular machinery where protein synthesis occurs.

29
Q

True or False: Each codon can code for more than one amino acid.

A

False

Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, maintaining the integrity of the genetic code.

Bio Unit 4 (3 decks)

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