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Cell > DNA Replication, Mutation, and Repair > Flashcards

DNA Replication, Mutation, and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclin and Kinase that leads to Progression past the (G1) Restriction Point at the G1 / S boundary

A

Cyclin: D
Kinase: CDK4, CDK6

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2
Q

Cyclin and Kinase that leads to the initiation of DNA synthesis in Early S Phase

A

Cyclin: E. A
Kinase: CDK 2

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3
Q

Cyclin and Kinase that leads to the transition from G2 to M phase

A

Cyclin: B
Kinase: CDK1

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4
Q

Involves the removal of an amine group from the DNA base

A

Deamination

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5
Q

Deamination causes unnatural DNA bases through a reaction with ___

A

H2O

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6
Q

Unnatural bases
Adenine -> ____
Guanine -> ____
Cytosine -> ____

A

Hypoxanthine
Xanthine
Uracil

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7
Q

Involves the removal of a purine from the DNA base through hydrolysis

A

Depurination

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8
Q

Alkylating agents can add a methyl or ethyl group to a nitrogenous base

A

Alkylation of Base

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9
Q

Nitrogen, sulfur mustard, methyl and ethyl methane sulfonate are examples of

A

Alyklating Agents

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10
Q

Can lead to transition, transversion, and frame shift mutations

A

Alkylation of Base

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11
Q

Interchange of a purine to another purine, or of a

pyrimidine to another pyrimidine in DNA (similar bases)

A

Transition

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12
Q

interchange of a pyrimidine to a purine or of a purine to a pyrimidine in DNA (dissimilar bases)

A

Transversion

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13
Q

a mutation caused by insertion or deletion of bases that alters the reading frame for codons

A

Frame Shift Mutatioon

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14
Q

Derivatives of normal bases are incorporated into the DNA

A

Base-Analog Incorporation

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15
Q

5-bromouracil, 2-aminopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, and acycloguanosine
are examples of

A

Base-Analogs

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16
Q

____are molecules that take the place of the normal nitrogenous
bases in DNA (A, T, C, G)

A

Base analogs

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17
Q

What causes linkage of adjacent thymine bases along the DNA strand? Type of damage?

A

UV Light; Thymine-Thymine dimers

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18
Q

Alkylating agents that can cause cross-linkages that are either interstrand or intrastrand

A

Bifunctional Alkylating Agent Cross-Linkage

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19
Q

chemotherapeutic drugs such as cyclophosphamide are an example of

A

Bifunctional alkylating agents

20
Q

an cause single strand or double strand breaks due to ionizing radiation, radioactive disintegration of backbone element, and oxidative free radical formation

A

Chain breaks

21
Q

Examples of this cause of chain break are gamma rays, x-rays that sever strands

A

ionizing radiation

22
Q

What can oxidative free radical formation do?

A

Can modify purines, creating 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine

23
Q

Marker of oxidative damage to DNA

A

8-OH-dG

24
Q

Cross linkages can happen between three things

A

Intrastrand, Interstrand, Between DNA and protein molecues

25
Q

A chromosomal abnormality wherein there’s a break in one particular chromosome, and that chromosome will then fuse to a different
chromosome, which will lead to what we call a fusion product

A

Translocations

Sometimes pieces from two different chromosomes will trade places with each other (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)
• May lead to medical problems such as leukemia, breast cancer, schizophrenia, muscular dystrophy and Down Syndrome (National Cancer Institute, n.d.)

26
Q

A molecular process that increases the number of copies of a gene sequence without a proportional increase in the other genes

A

Gene Amplification

27
Q

Gene amplification leads to (2)

A

− Overproduction of the protein (Alberts, et al., 2015)
− Enhanced expression of the genes in the amplified portion (Mondello, et al., 2010)

plays an important role in cancer

28
Q

proteins that identify damages or breaks in the DNA

A

sensors

29
Q

phosphorylates mediator or effector proteins to influence cell activity

A

transducers

30
Q

intermediary proteins for repair response

A

mediators

31
Q

dictate and carry out the ultimate outcomes of DNA damage response

A

effectors

32
Q

A potent CDK-Cyclin inhibitor which causes cell cycle arrest

A

p21

33
Q

Effectors of cell death (apoptosis)

A

PUMA, BAX, and NOVA

34
Q

An effector for cell aging (senescence)

A

Cell aging (senescense)

35
Q

Recognition of distortion in DNA by ___ → ____ dsDNA into
ssDNA and removes affected area → ____ adds bases through addition of phosphodiester bonds → ____seals the nick between the new nucleotides and the old strand

what type of repair?

A

uvrA, helicasel dna polymerasel dna ligase; Nucleotide Excision Repair

36
Q

Damaging agent of Nucelotide Excision Repair

A

UV light chemicals

37
Q

Corrects a single mismatched base pair

A

Mismatch repair

38
Q

____ recognizes mismatched base pair → ____ removes
area of mismatch → ____ adds bases through addition of phosphodiester bonds → ____ seals the nick

what type of repair?

A

MutS Protein; Exonuclease; DNA Polymerase; DNA ligase; mismatch repair

39
Q

Damaging agent of mismatch repair

A

replication errors

40
Q

Single base repair

A

base excision repair

41
Q

____ recognize the damaged base and remove it → ____ recognize the site with a missing base → AP Endonuclease cleaves the sugar-phosphate backbone → ____ removes the sugar-phosphate that lacks the base → ____ repairs the damaged DNA → ____ seals the nick

what type of repair?

A

DNA glycosylases ; AP

endonucleases; Deoxyribose phosphodiesterase; DNA polymerases; DNA ligase ; base excision repair

42
Q

Damaging agent of Base Excision Repair

A

oxygen radicals, hydrolysis, alkylating agents (Rodwell et al., 2018)

43
Q

• For cells in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle
• There is a need for the daughter strands to repair the double strand
breaks of the parent strand

A

Homologous recombination

44
Q

Damaging agent of Homologous Recombination

A

ionizing radiation, x-rays, anti-tumor drugs (Rodwell et al., 2018)

45
Q

cross linking of the daughter strands with the parent strand

A

holliday junction

46
Q

Used during the G0 and G1 phase of the cell cycle

• Does not require the daughter strands for damage repair

A

Non-homologous end joining

• Has the least fidelity

47
Q

____binds around the broken ends → Ku recruits DNA PKcs which
recruits the protein artemis and phosphorylates it → artemis trims residual single stranded tails from the break → ligase IV joins the broken ends together

what type of repair

A

Ku proteins; non homologous end joining

Cell (6 decks)

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