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Cell > A Concise Review of Eukaryotic Cell Biology (Metabolic Pathways) > Flashcards

A Concise Review of Eukaryotic Cell Biology (Metabolic Pathways) Flashcards

1
Q

The sum total of all biochemical reactions occurring in a cell to maintain life and homeostasis

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

T/F: Anabolism is the degradation of products into simpler molecules

A

False (Catabolism)

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3
Q

The synthesis of molecules from their precursors in order to build more complex compounds

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

This represents pathways that involve both catabolism and anabolism

A

Amphibolism

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5
Q

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate; Major source of energy for cell

A

Glycolysis

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6
Q

Location of Glycolysis

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

Reactants and Products of Glycolysis

A

R: Glucose
P: Pyruvate (Aerobic) or Lactate (Anaerobic)

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8
Q

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (reversing glycolytic pathway)

A

Gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

Location of Gluconeogenesis

A

Either mitochondria or cytosol of either liver or kidney

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10
Q

Reactants and Products of Gluconeogenesis

A

R: Non-carbohydrate substrates
P: Glucose

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11
Q

Conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage; Insulin hormone stimulates this metabolism

A

Glycogenesis

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12
Q

Location of Glycogenesis

A

Cytosol (Liver or muscle cell)

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13
Q

Reactants and Products of Glycogenesis

A

R: Glucose
P: Glycogen

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14
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose-6-phosphate; Controlled by hormones such as glucagon (pancreas) and epinephrine (adrenal glands)

A

Glycogenoylsis

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15
Q

Location of Glycogenolysis

A

Cytosol (Liver or muscle cell)

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16
Q

Reactants and Products of Glycogenolysis

A

P: Glucose-6-Phosphate (Muscle Cells)
R: Glucose (Liver cells)

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17
Q

T/F: Glycogenolysis is the reverse of glycogenesis

A

False: It is a separate pathway altogether

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18
Q

Alternative glucose pathway; Produces reducing equivalents necessary in reductive synthesis of fatty acids

A

Hexose/Pentose Monophosphate Pathway

(Has an irreversible oxidative phase that generates NADPH and a reversible non oxidative phase, which provides ribose precursors for nucleotide synthesis

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19
Q

Location of Hexose Monophosphate Pathway

A

Cytosol

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20
Q

Reactants and Products of Hexose/Pentose Monophosphate Pathway

A

R: Glucose-6-Phosphate
P: NADPH and Ribose phosphate

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21
Q

Catabolic reaction that breaks down fructose into dihydroxyacetone-phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P)

A

Fructose Metabolism

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22
Q

Location of Fructose Metabolism

A

Cytoplasm of hepatic cells

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23
Q

Reactants and Products of Fructose Metabolism

A

R: Fructose
P: DHAP and G3P

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24
Q

Conversion of Galactose into Glucose so it can enter the glycolytic pathway

A

Galactose Metabolism

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25
Q

Location of Galactose Metabolism

A

Cytoplasm of hepatic cells

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26
Q

Reactants and Products of Galactose Metabolism

A

R: Galactose
P: Glucose

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27
Q

Process by which lactate formed in glycolysis (in Skeletal muscles) and erythrocytes in transported to the liver and kidney it reforms glucose

A

Lactic Acid Cycle/Cori Cycle

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28
Q

Reactants and Products of Lactic Acid Cycle

A

R: Lactate
P: Lactate and glucose

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29
Q

Location of Lactic Acid Cycle? Conversion into Glucose? Formation of Lactate?

A

Conversion into glucose: Liver and Kidney

Formation of Lactate: Skeletal muscles and erythrocytes

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30
Q

An indirect way of utilizing muscle glycogen to maintain blood glucose in the fasting state

A

Glucose-Alanine Cycle

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31
Q

In the Glucose-Alanine cycle, there is an excess of alanine from the skeletal muscle when in a fasted state, which is exported to the liver as a substrate for ___.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

The synthesis of fatty acids is a/an (catabolic/anabolic)reaction that involves the synthesis of long fatty acids

A

Anabolic

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33
Q

Location of Glucose-Alanine Cycle

A

Liver

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34
Q

Reactant and Products of Glucose-Alanine cycle

A

Glucose and Urea

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35
Q

Location of Fatty Acids Synthesis

A

Cytosol

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36
Q

Reactants and Products of Synthesis of Fatty Acids

A

R: Acetyl-CoA
P: Palmitate

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37
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids is a/an anabolic or catabolic reaction?

A

Catabolic

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38
Q

Location of Oxidation of Fatty Acids

A

Mitochondria

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39
Q

Reactants and Products of the Oxidation of Fatty Acids

A

R: Fatty acids
P: Acetyl-CoA

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40
Q

Each step in this metabolic pathway involves acyl-CoA derivatives, utilizes NAD+ and FAD as coenzymes, and generates ATP

A

Oxidation of Fatty Acids

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41
Q

Conversion of glycerol into triglyceride for energy storage; Anabolic or Catabolic?

A

Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis; Anabolic

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42
Q

Location of Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis

A

Cytosol

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43
Q

Reactants and Products of Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis

A

R: DHAP, Glycerol
P: Triglyceride/Triglycerol

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44
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids is also called ___.

A

B-oxidation

45
Q

Triglyceride/Triglycerol Synthesis is also known as the ___. Anabolic or Catabolic?

A

Kennedy Pathway; Anabolic

46
Q

Triglyceride Catabolism is the breakdown of stored ___ into glycerol and fatty acids

A

triglycerides; glycerol and fatty acids

47
Q

Location of Triglyceride Catabolism

A

Cytosol

48
Q

Cholesterol Synthesis is also known as

A

Mevalonate Pathway

49
Q

Synthesis of cholesterol from Acetyl-CoA; Anabolic or Catabolic?

A

Cholesterol Synthesis; Anabolic

50
Q

Location of Cholesterol Synthesis

A

Cytosol, ER, Peroxisomes

51
Q

Reactants and Products of Cholesterol Synthesis

A

R: Acetyl-CoA
P: Cholesterol

52
Q

Conversion of RNA to codons

A

Protein Translation

53
Q

Location of Translation

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

Reactants and Products of Translation

A

R: Proteins
P: Amino Acids

55
Q

Catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids

A

Nucleotide Catabolism

56
Q

Location of Nucleotide Catabolism

A

CYtosol

57
Q

Reactants and Products of Nucleotide Catabolism

A

Reactants: Purine and Pyrimidine
Products: Purine Catabolism: Uric Acid, Pyrimidine: Co2, NH3, B-alanine, succinyl-CoA

58
Q

Amphibolc Reaction that is a major pathway for ATP formation

A

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle

59
Q

Location of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

60
Q

Products and Reactants of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

A

Reactants: 2 Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD, GDP Pi
Products: 3 NADH, 2 FADH2, GTP, H+, 2. CO2, SH-CoA

61
Q

Storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

62
Q

Glycogenolysis occurs in this state

A

fasting

63
Q

Fed state makes use of which metabolic pathway

A

glycogenesis

64
Q

Acetyl CoA from Glycoylsis goes to which metabolic pathway

A

Krebs Cycle

65
Q

Products of Krebs Cycle go to where and produce waht?

A

ETC; ATP

66
Q

Glucose can go to this pathway in order to produce R5P

A

pentose phosphate pathway

67
Q

We store fats in the form of

A

trigylcerides

68
Q

Breaking down of TAG to glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipolysis

69
Q

T/F: Breaking down of TAG to glycerol and fatty acids and synthesizing them are irreversible

A

FALSE: Reversible

70
Q

GLycerol convers to ____ in order to produce ATP in Gylcolysis

A

DHAP

71
Q

____ in fed state can be converted into ____ in order to store energy via Lipogenesis

A

DHAP; Glycerol

72
Q

____ in fed state can be converted into ____ in order to store energy via Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA; Fatty Acids

73
Q

What happens to carbs and fats when you starve

A

Carbs eventually run out; Break down fats

74
Q

Excess Acetyl CoA can be converted into _____ in order to satisfy starvation state

A

Ketogenesis

75
Q

Excess Acetyl CoA can be converted into _____ in order to satisfy starvation state

A

Ketone Bodies (Ketogenesis)

76
Q

Utilize Ketone bodies to convert them into ____ to produce energy for brain, skeletal muslces and cardiac

A

Acetyl-Coa (Ketolysis)

77
Q

Acetyl CoA is a precursor of ____ in order to make bbile salts, hormones, and cell membrane structures

A

Cholesterol (Cholesterol synthesis)

78
Q

When OAA is not available what happens to Acetyl Coa?

A

Convert into Ketone bodies (Ketogenesis)

79
Q

Amino acids can react with _____ to produce krebs cycle intermediates

A

Ketoacid

80
Q

Aa + Keto Acid -> Keto Acid + AA

A

Transamination

81
Q

Ripping off Glutamine’s amine group turns to what and where will it go?

A

Ammonia; Urea Cycle

82
Q

Gluatamate (a.a) -> alpha ketoglutarate releasing ammonia

A

Oxidative Deamination

83
Q

New keto acid formed wit Alanine and where can it be found

A

pyruvate (glycolysis)

84
Q

New keto acid formed wit aspartate and where can it be found

A

OAA (krebs cycle)

85
Q

New keto acid formed with glumatate and where can it be found

A

alpha keto glutarate (krebs cycle)

86
Q

T/F: PEP to Pyruvate is reversible

A

False: irreversible

87
Q

Pyruvate formed from transamination can go to what pathway to make glucose and how?

A

Gluconeogenesis

Pyruvate, OAA, Alpha keto glutarate -> Acetyl CoA -> PEP -> Glucose

88
Q

gluconeogenesis in glyerol can occur by converting ____ into ____ and fianlly reach glucose

A

glycerol; f6p

89
Q

Pathway from new keto acids can serve two new fucntions

A

1) generate atp (if u rlly need energy)

2) gluconeogeneesis

90
Q

Lactid acid can be taken up by the liver and be converted into ____

A

Pyruvate

91
Q

3 substrates for gluconeogenesis

A
  1. AA
  2. Lactic Acid
  3. Glycerol
    4) Odd Chain FA
92
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycolysis

A

Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose- 1,6,bisphosphate

Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase-1

93
Q

Rate limiting step Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate

Enzyme: Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase

94
Q

Rate limiting step Glycogenesis

A

UDP Glucose → Glycogen

Enzyme: Glycogen synthase

95
Q

Rate limiting step Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen →
Glucose 1-phosphate
Enzyme: Glycogen Phosphorylase

96
Q

Rate limiting step PPP

A

Glucose 6-phosphate → 6 - Phosphogluconolactone
Enzyme:
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

97
Q

Rate limiting step purine de novo synthesis

A

5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) → 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine (PRA)
Glutamine- phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase
*Purine Catabolism: Xanthine oxidase

98
Q

Rate limiting step purine lavage pahtwways

A

[Important Enzymes]

1. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 2. Hypoxanthine-Guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

99
Q

Rate limiting step pyrimidine de novo synthesis

A

HCO3 → Carbamoyl Phosphate Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

*Pyrimidine Catabolism: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

100
Q

Rate limiting step of salvage pathways

A

[Important Enzymes]

1. Uridine-cytidine kinase 2. Thymidine kinase

101
Q

Rate limiting step of urea cycle

A

Ammonia + CO2 → Carbamoyl Phosphate
Enzyme:
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1

102
Q

Rate limiting step of FA synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA→ Malonyl CoA
Enzyme:
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (+ CO2 + NADPH)

103
Q

Rate limiting step of B- oxidation

A

Fatty Acyl-CoA → Fatty Acyl- Carnitine

Carnitine acyltransferase/ palmitoyltransferase I (Carnitine Shuttle)

104
Q

Rate limiting step of Cholesterol Synthesis

A

HMG-CoA → Mevalonic Acid Enzyme: HMG-CoA reductase

105
Q

Rate limiting step of Ketogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA→ HMG-CoA
Enzyme:
HMG-CoA synthase

106
Q

Rate limiting step of Ketolysis

A

Acetoacetate → Acetoacetyl CoA
Enzyme:
Succinyl CoA-oxoacid transferase (SCOT)

107
Q

Rate limiting step of TAG synthesis

A

[Important Enzymes]

1. Acyl Transferase (Fatty acyl-CoA) 2. Phosphatidate phosphatase

108
Q

Rate limiting step of TAG Catabolism

A

[Important Enzymes] Lipase

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