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Cell Mol: Exam 3 > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

1
Q

DNA replication is _______

A

Semiconservative

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2
Q

DNA is shaped like a ____ _____ (twisted ladder)

A

double helix

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3
Q

The backbone of the two strands of the ladder contain?

A

Sugar and phosphate groups

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4
Q

Rungs of the ladder contain?

A

Nitrogenous Bases

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5
Q

The “rungs” of the ladder are connected as ____ ____ between the nitrogenous base of one strand and the nitrogenous base of the other strand

A

base pairs

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6
Q

DNA Base Pairs:

The bases are connected by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What are the four base pairs of DNA?

A

-Adenine (A)
-Thymine (T)
-Guanine (G)
-Cytosine (C)

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8
Q

Adenine and Thymine are formed by ___ hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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9
Q

Guanine and Cytosine are formed by ___ hydrogen bonds

A

3

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10
Q

One end of each chain the 5 carbon with the phosphate group is “closed”

A

5’ end

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11
Q

One end of each chain the 3 carbon with an -OH group is “open”

A

3’ end

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12
Q

DNA:
Strands run in opposite directions

A

antiparallel

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13
Q

Original Strand
5’ ATCGCTG 3’
Complimentary strand?

A

3’ TAGCGAC 5’

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14
Q

Crick’s Central Dogma:

Genetic information is stored in ______ and transferred to _______

A

DNA, Protein

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15
Q

Crick’s Central Dogma:

Transfer of information to proteins is _______

A

irreversible

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16
Q

Watson & Crick Replication:

The ______ unwinds

A

helix

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17
Q

Watson & Crick Replication:

Both strands are intact

A

parental strands

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18
Q

Watson & Crick Replication:

Each parent strand serves as a template for a new ____ _____

A

daughter strand

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19
Q

Watson & Crick Replication:

Daughter strands are generated by ______ ______ ______ to the parental strand

A

complementary base pairing

20
Q

DNA Replication: Prokaryote

-One piece of circular DNA
-4.6 million base pairs
-Copied in as little as 20 minutes

A

E.coli

21
Q

DNA Replication: Eukaryote

-46 chromosomes
-6.4 billion base pairs
-copied in a few hours

A

Homo sapiens (humans)

22
Q

DNA Replication 3 basic steps?

A

-Initiation
-Elongation
-Termination

23
Q

DNA Replication Steps:

-Proteins bind to a specific location
-origin of replication
-Requires single stranded DNA

A

Initiation

24
Q

-Unwinds the helix at the replication fork
-Necessary to generate the single-stranded template strands

A

Helicase

25
Q

-Binds and stabilizes the single-stranded templates
-Prevents helix from rewinding

A

Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP)

26
Q

-Causes single-strand breaks that allow the DNA to unwind and relieve the supercoil strain
-The breaks are resealed before replication
-Relaxes supercoils

A

Topoisomerase

27
Q

DNA Replication Steps:

DNA polymerase binds the nucleotide to the 3’ end of the daughter strand

A

Elongating

28
Q

Add nucleotides only into -OH of a free 3’ end; ______ onto to the 5’ end

A

NEVER

29
Q

If there is no available free 3’ end, then complementary nucleotide _______ is generated

A

primer

30
Q

Primer is a short piece of ______ with a free -OH at the 3’ end

A

RNA

31
Q

RNA primers are needed to initiate ______ new DNA strands

A

all

32
Q

Priming DNA Synthesis:

Synthesized by ____

A

Primase

33
Q

RNA Primase doesn’t need a _____ to start

A

3’ end

34
Q

Linear DNA elongates in the ___ —> _____ direction only

A

5’ —> 3’

35
Q

Direction of synthesis is _____ the fork and _____ from the origin

A

toward, away

36
Q

-Short discontinuous fragments
-Each fragment needs a separate RNA primer
-The primer is eventually removed, and new DNA fills the space

A

Okazaki Fragments

37
Q

DNA strands synthesized discontinuously are called?

A

lagging strands

38
Q

Replication errors are

A

Mutations

39
Q

Replication error rate

A

1 in ~10 billion

40
Q

can recognize and replace an incorrect nucleotide as it synthesize the daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase III

41
Q

Continuously synthesized strand

A

Leading strand

42
Q

The enzyme that removes RNA primers and fills in the gaps with DNA is called

A

DNA Polymerase I

43
Q

Enzyme that seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand is called

A

DNA ligase

44
Q

Leading strand direction

A

5’ —->3’

45
Q

Lagging strand direction

A

3’ —-> 5’

46
Q

Synthesizes RNA primers

A

Primase

47
Q

Okazaki strands go in what direction

A

5’ –> 3’

Cell Mol: Exam 3 (7 decks)

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