DNA Replication

Question 1

What is the structure and function of the Plasma Membrane?

Answer 1

A selectively permeable barrier between the intracellular and extracellular environments
- composed of mostly phospholipid
- cholesterol (creates stability and flexibility)

Question 2

Structure and function of Nucleus?

Answer 2

Enclosed by the nuclear envelope made of two membranes
- The outer membrane , inner membrane

Question 3

Structure and function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 3

Ribosomes synthesize the proteins –> feed amino acid chain into lumen of the rough ER or membrane
- chaperone proteins -> help folding
- Packages proteins into vesicles

Question 4

Structure and function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 4

Synthesizes lipids
- Sequesters calcium (stores it)

Question 5

Structure and function of Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 5

Cisternae: hollow, flattened sacs
- receives proteins from ER
- packaged vesicles come, exocytosis or become lysosomes
- proteins are modified
- Retrograde transport

Question 6

S&F of Mitochondria?

Answer 6

Energy production
- Inner and external membrane separated by intermembranous space.
- cristae –> increase surface area for reaction
- migrate and fuse, reproduce by fission
- own DNA

Question 7

S&F of Lysosome?

Answer 7

Filled with digestive enzymes at low pH
- fuse with food vacuoles because of phagosomes
- autophagy: process of digesting viruses
- Apoptosis: programmed cell death

Question 8

S&F of Peroxisome?

Answer 8

Contain enzymes of oxidases
- Numerous in liver
- important for metabolism of amino acids and lipids
- forms hydrogen peroxide
- contains catalase,–> hydrogen peroxide into water and O2

Question 9

S&F Cytoskeleton?

Answer 9

organized system of microtubules and actin filaments in cytoplasm.
- organize the intracellular environment and allow movement of some cells
- form the cell division spindle
- serve as a “railway”

Question 10

S&F Centrosomes?

Question 11

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 11

Bulk transport of large extracellular substances into the cell.
- pseudopods engulf bacteria

Question 12

What is Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?

Answer 12

Specific:
- has receptor proteins

Question 13

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 13

Cellular products –> moved out of the cell.

Question 14

What is a gene, genome, and the proteome?

Question 15

What is chromatin?

Question 16

What are histones?

Question 17

What are nucleosomes?

Question 18

What are chromosomes?

Question 19

Diagram structure of a nucleotide

Question 20

Explain what is meant by “anti-parallel” in the context of DNA.

Question 21

What are nitrogenous base in DNA? in RNA? What are the base pairs that form between one strand of DNA and the other? Between DNA and RNA when mRNA is being synthesized?

Question 22

Diagram the cell cycle

Question 23

Which phases of the cell cycle fall under the umbrella term “interphase”?

Question 24

Which phases of the cell cycle fall under the umbrella term “M-phase” or “Mitosis”?

Question 25

What are the checkpoints and why are they important?

Question 26

If the cell fails the M-phase checkpoint, what is its fate? And if it fails the G1 checkpoint? Or the G2 checkpoint?