DNA Replication Flashcards
What is the structure and function of the Plasma Membrane?
A selectively permeable barrier between the intracellular and extracellular environments
- composed of mostly phospholipid
- cholesterol (creates stability and flexibility)
Structure and function of Nucleus?
Enclosed by the nuclear envelope made of two membranes
- The outer membrane , inner membrane
Structure and function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Ribosomes synthesize the proteins –> feed amino acid chain into lumen of the rough ER or membrane
- chaperone proteins -> help folding
- Packages proteins into vesicles
Structure and function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Synthesizes lipids
- Sequesters calcium (stores it)
Structure and function of Golgi Apparatus?
Cisternae: hollow, flattened sacs
- receives proteins from ER
- packaged vesicles come, exocytosis or become lysosomes
- proteins are modified
- Retrograde transport
S&F of Mitochondria?
Energy production
- Inner and external membrane separated by intermembranous space.
- cristae –> increase surface area for reaction
- migrate and fuse, reproduce by fission
- own DNA
S&F of Lysosome?
Filled with digestive enzymes at low pH
- fuse with food vacuoles because of phagosomes
- autophagy: process of digesting viruses
- Apoptosis: programmed cell death
S&F of Peroxisome?
Contain enzymes of oxidases
- Numerous in liver
- important for metabolism of amino acids and lipids
- forms hydrogen peroxide
- contains catalase,–> hydrogen peroxide into water and O2
S&F Cytoskeleton?
organized system of microtubules and actin filaments in cytoplasm.
- organize the intracellular environment and allow movement of some cells
- form the cell division spindle
- serve as a “railway”
S&F Centrosomes?
What is Phagocytosis?
Bulk transport of large extracellular substances into the cell.
- pseudopods engulf bacteria
What is Receptor Mediated Endocytosis?
Specific:
- has receptor proteins
What is Exocytosis?
Cellular products –> moved out of the cell.
What is a gene, genome, and the proteome?
What is chromatin?
What are histones?
What are nucleosomes?
What are chromosomes?
Diagram structure of a nucleotide
Explain what is meant by “anti-parallel” in the context of DNA.
What are nitrogenous base in DNA? in RNA? What are the base pairs that form between one strand of DNA and the other? Between DNA and RNA when mRNA is being synthesized?
Diagram the cell cycle
Which phases of the cell cycle fall under the umbrella term “interphase”?
Which phases of the cell cycle fall under the umbrella term “M-phase” or “Mitosis”?
What are the checkpoints and why are they important?
If the cell fails the M-phase checkpoint, what is its fate? And if it fails the G1 checkpoint? Or the G2 checkpoint?
