Chemistry of Life (PHYSIO 1)

Question 1

Define Valence Electrons

Answer 1

electrons on the outermost shell of the atom

Question 2

Define Molecule

Answer 2

a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded.

Question 3

Define Covalent Bond

Answer 3

it is the sharing of electrons from atoms

Question 4

Define Ionic Bond

Answer 4

a complete transfer of valence electrons to another atom

Question 5

Define Hydrogen bond

Question 6

Define Non-polar Covalent Bond

Answer 6

two atoms share electrons equally

Question 7

Define Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 7

two atoms share electrons unequally

Question 8

Define Hydrophobic

Answer 8

non-polar molecules that do not dissolve well in water

Question 9

Define Hydrophilic

Answer 9

polar and ionic molecules that dissolve well in water

Question 10

Define dissolve and dissociate

Question 11

How do ionic compounds behave when dissolved in water? How is this different from other soluble molecules such as glucose?

Answer 11

ionic compounds are separated and spread throughout the water uniformly (dipole-dipole). Glucose is a covalent bond compound, meaning it does not dissolve well in water.

Question 12

What is surface tension? How/why does water have surface tension?

Answer 12

it’s a property allowing liquid to resist external forces. Water has high polarity, from the hydrogen ends and oxygen, allows to stick to each other and is very hard to break.

Question 13

What is an acid? What is a base?

Answer 13

Acid: sour taste and has a burning effect when in contact

Base: Mild or bitter compound. Is the opposite of acid

Question 14

The pH of a neutral solutions is ______, the pH of an acidic solution is ______, and the pH of a basic solution is ______.

Answer 14

a. 7
b. below 7
c. above 7

Question 15

If the concentration of H+ in solution increases, then the pH of that solution will ______. Conversely, if the concentration of Oh+ in solution increases, then the pH of that solution will ______.

Answer 15

a. decrease (more H+)
b. increase (more OH-)

Question 16

What is buffer and how do buffers stabilize the pH of a solution?

Answer 16

Buffers stabilize pH by allowing only small changes in pH when acid or base is added to solution.

Question 17

What is dehydration synthesis? What is another term for it?

Answer 17

when water molecules are taken out as a result from a chemical reaction.

Question 18

What is hydrolysis? What is another term for it?

Answer 18

when water breaks down molecule compounds.

Question 19

Define monosaccharide.

Answer 19

a sugar

Question 20

Define disaccharide

Answer 20

double sugars

Question 21

Define polysaccharide

Answer 21

a long chain of monosaccharides (carbohydrates)

Question 22

Define Amylose (starch)

Answer 22

plant storage of sugar (composed of thousands of glucose molecules

Question 23

Define cellulose

Answer 23

Makes up cell walls of plants (humans can’t digest this)

Question 24

Define glycogen

Answer 24

sugar storage in an animal cell

Question 25

What are the physiological functions of carbohydrate?

Answer 25

main source of energy

Question 26

Where is glycogen found in the body?

Answer 26

glycogen is found in the liver and skeletal muscles

Question 27

Define Cholesterol

Answer 27

Maintains fluidity of cells

Question 28

Define steroid

Answer 28

cholesterol driven, and are hydrophobic

Question 29

Define Steroid Hormone

Answer 29

Hormones like:
- testosterone
- estrogen
- progesterone

• cortisol
• aldosterone
  Etc.

Question 30

Define Fatty acid

Answer 30

The building blocks of fat in our bodies and the food we eat. The body converts lipids into fatty acids during digestion so that they can be taken into the blood.

Question 31

Define Glycerol

Answer 31

another building block of lipids

Question 32

Define Phospholipid

Answer 32

formed by removing one fatty acid from a triglyceride and replacing it with a phosphorous containing “head”
- the heads are positively or negatively charged which makes them hydrophilic
- The tails are hydrophobic

Question 33

Which of the molecules are amphipathic?

Answer 33

amphipathic: having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
- Molecule: phospholipids

Question 34

What are the physiological functions of the lipids listed earlier?

Answer 34

insulation, long-term energy, and make up cell membranes, etc.

Question 35

What type of bond is formed between amino acids to build a peptide?

Answer 35

peptide bond

Question 36

Define primary structure

Answer 36

the sequence of amino acids that makes a chain

Question 37

Define secondary structure

Answer 37

include a-helixes and B-pleated sheets
- Formed from hydrophobic amino acid functional (R) groups and hydrophilic amino acid function (R) groups

Question 38

Define tertiary structure

Answer 38

amino acids folded to make a large, 3D shape

Question 39

Define quaternary structure as it pertains to proteins

Answer 39

Multiple polypeptide chains

Question 40

What are some of the physiological functions of protein?

Answer 40

• structural of collagen fibers
• enzymes
• antibodies
• receptors
• carriers

Question 41

What is the physiological function of nucleic acids?

Answer 41

• DNA and RNA
• makes up the proteins inside the cell
• make up our genes

Question 42

Which nucleotide bases form complementary pair?

Answer 42

• Guanine and Cytosine
• Adenine and Thymine (DNA)
• Adenine and Uracil (RNA)

Question 43

Which class of enzymes synthesize from nucleic acids to free nucleotides?

Answer 43

DNA Polymerase