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Genetics > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the reverse transcriptase enzyme?

A
  • RNA -> DNA
  • used for HIV
  • exception to central dogma
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2
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

same genome split into 2 to make daughter cells

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3
Q

What is translation?

A

turning RNA script into protein

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4
Q

What are the condensed chromosomes

A

metaphase

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5
Q

What occurs in each G phase of DNA replication?

A
  1. G1: prepare for DNA replication; histone proteins are made
  2. S: synthesis; DNA replication
  3. G2: DNA done replicating, prepare for mitosis
  4. G0: cell arrest; when cell is damaged it can get repaired or undergo apoptosis
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6
Q

All nucleic acids grow in what direction?

A

5’ -> 3’

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7
Q

What causes DNA to be polar?

A

asymmetry of phosphodiester bonds

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8
Q

Bases are only added to what end of DNA?

A

3’

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9
Q

What is the substrate for DNA replication?

A

triphosphate nucleotide (ATP, GTP, etc.)

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10
Q

What is the role of DNA polymerase?

A
  • phosphodiester bond formation
  • fromation of H bonds b/w bases
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11
Q

How many H bonds are in between A-T and G-C pairing?

A
  • A-T: 2
  • G-C: 3
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12
Q

How many origins of replication do we have?

A

multiple

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13
Q

The leading and lagging strand both grow in what direction?

A

5’ -> 3’

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14
Q

Okazaki fragments are a part of which strand?

A

lagging

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15
Q

What is the function of helicase?

A

uses ATP to unwind DNA to cause supercoiling

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16
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A

releases torisonal stress caused by helicase coiling

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17
Q

What enzyme is able to break phosphodiester bonds?

A

topoisomerase

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18
Q

Without topoisomerase, what can happen within DNA?

A

there can be breaks

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19
Q

Which polymerase self-initiate?

A

RNA

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20
Q

How does DNA polymerase get started with replication?

A

needs an RNA primer

21
Q

What does a primase add for replication?

A

20 bp

22
Q

What is the function of DNA ligase?

A
  • links okazaki fragments together
  • adds phosphodiester bonds
23
Q

What enzymes use ATP?

A
  • helicase
  • topoisomerase
  • DNA ligase
24
Q

What is DNA polymerase alpha?

A

does 200 nucleotides after primase

25
Q

What is DNA polymerase delta?

A
  • high processtivity
  • needs PCNA (clamp)
  • needs RFC (clamp loader)
26
Q

What enzyme destroys RNA nucleotides?

A

rnase

27
Q

What enzyme destroys RNA primers?

A

rnase H

28
Q

What is the decoy in replication?

A
  • single-stranded binding protein
  • DNA polymerase E
29
Q

Mutations in helicase can cause what disease?

A

Bloom syndrome

30
Q

What is ambrucin?

A

potent topoisomerase inhibitor used in non-small cell lung cancer treatment

31
Q

What direction does exonucleolytic correction go in?

A

3’ -> 5’

32
Q

What is the process of exonucleolytic correction?

A

removal of incorrect base and DNA polymerase adds correct base in 5’ -> 3’ direction

33
Q

How many base pairs do we ahve in our genome?

A

3 x 10 ^9

34
Q

What is NAP1?

A

a chaperone protein that facilitates the reassembly of nucleosomes

35
Q

What is the function of telomerase?

A
  • protects ends of chromosomes from exonuclease activity
  • uses RNA template but is a DNA polymerase
36
Q

What phase of chromosomes are used in karyotyping?

A

metaphase

37
Q

What is FISH?

A

technique used to detect short segments of DNAusing fluorescent DNA probes

38
Q

What are the characteristics of active retinoblastoma (Rb)?

A
  • P16 interacts with cyclin D/CDK4
  • Rb not/lightly phosphorylated so it interacts with E2F that recruits HDAC
  • NO TRANSCRIPTION
39
Q

What are the characteristics of inactive retinoblastoma (Rb)?

A
  • P16 does not interact with cyclin D/CDK4
  • Rb is highly phosphorylated so it does not interact with E2F that will not recruit HDAC
  • TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS
40
Q

What is the purpose of PCR?

A

to amplify DNA sequence

41
Q

What polyermase does PCR use?

A

DNA

42
Q

What are the steps in PCR?

A
  1. Separate double stranded (DS) DNA with Heat or Helicase (DS -> SS) aka doublestranded to single stranded
  2. Cool and Mix known primers (20-30 NT) because DNA polyermase requires a primer
  3. DNA Polymerase will extend the primers and W/C bp at needed area (DNA Synthesis)
  4. Denature/Separate Strands and Repeat
43
Q

From the article “DNA Replication”, what would be the effect of drug resistant topoisomerases for cancer prognosis?

A
  1. cancer: if drugs target topoisomerase, it will stop replication -> decreasing cancer
  2. cytotoxic effects: chemo has harsh side effects such as GI issues & hair loss
  3. drug resistance: harder to treat, different forms of topoisomerase
44
Q

From the article “DNA Replication”, according to Table 1, which cancer would be a best candidate for further tests?

A

ovarian because it has the lowest EC50

45
Q

From the “Telomeres Syndrome” article, what is dyskerin?

A

essential component of telomerase enzyme making telomeres

46
Q

From the “Telomeres Syndrome” article, what are the degenerative disorders linked to a shortened telomerase?

A
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • bone marrow failure
47
Q

From the “Telomeres Syndrome” article, what is dyskeratosis congenita?

A
  • linked to mutant short telomere defect
  • symptoms: skin hyperpig., luekopenia, nail dystrophy
  • mortality: bone marrow failure, cancer, pulmonary fibrosis
48
Q

From the “Telomeres Syndrome” article, what is TERT?

A
  • gene providing instructions for making the telomerase gene
  • highest freq. in people with progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
49
Q

From the “Telomeres Syndrome” article, what does each length of a telomerase mean?

A
  • short or too long: not healthy; can lead to disease
  • long: good, healthy

Genetics (11 decks)

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