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Genetics > Chromosomes and Chromatin > Flashcards

Chromosomes and Chromatin Flashcards

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1
Q

Are chromosomes condensed or decondensed during interphase?

A

decondensed

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2
Q

What is the only structure not in the interphase nucleus?

A

metaphase chromosomes

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3
Q

What is the only type of chromosome visible with a light microscope?

A

metaphase chromosome

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4
Q

What happens in between cytokinesis and interphase?

A

nucleus reforms and chromosomes start to decondense

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5
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

homologous chromosomes paired up from largest to smallest

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6
Q

How many sister chromatids are in each homolog?

A

2

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7
Q

Histones have what amino acids?

A

arginine and lysine

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8
Q

What are non histone chromosomal proteins?

A
  • DNA & RNA polymerase
  • proteins that regulate transcription
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9
Q

What are the histone molecuels in nucleosomes?

A
  • H2A
  • H2B
  • H3
  • H4
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10
Q

What are nucleosomes made of?

A

150 base pairs of DNA wrapped twice around 8 histones

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11
Q

What are the 2 terminus on a histone?

A
  • C = inside histone core
  • N = histone tails on outside (+ to interact with DNA)
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12
Q

What is the difference between condensed and decondensed chromatin?

A
  • condensed = heterochromatin = NO transcription
  • decondensed = euchromatin = needed for RNA transcription
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13
Q

What can histone modification do?

A
  • directly affect chromatin structure due to electrostatic interactions
  • create binding sites for proteins that use gene expression or chromatin condensation
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14
Q

Where does post translational modification of histones occur?

A

N terminal

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15
Q

What are the modifications that open chromatin?

A
  • acetylation: adds acetyl group
  • demthylation: removes methyl group
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16
Q

What are the modifications that close chromatin?

A
  • deactylation: removes acetyl group
  • methylation: adds methyl group
17
Q

What chromatin remodeling protein leads to methylation at lysine 9 and condenses chromatin?

A

HP1

18
Q

What do histone acetyl transferases (HATs) do?

A
  • add acetyl group to lysines
  • OPEN chromatin -> transcription
19
Q

What do histone deactylases (HDACs) do?

A
  • removes acetyl group from lysines
  • CLOSED chromatin -> no transcription
20
Q

What do histone methylations (HMATs) do?

A
  • adds methyl group to lysines and arginines
  • CLOSED chromatin -> no transcription
21
Q

What do histone demthylations (HDMTs) do?

A
  • removes methyl group
  • OPEN chromatin -> transcription occurs
22
Q

What is the chromatin remodeling complex?

A
  • requires ATP
  • stabilizes nucleosomes
23
Q

What are the steps in the pre-initiation complex?

A
  1. nucleosome trancribed as H3K4 methylation
  2. TF2D recoognizes H3K4 and brings in RNA polymerase
  3. H3K4 binds to TF2D
  4. TF2D phosphorylates poly carbon terminal to initiate transcription
24
Q

What recruits HATs?

A

transactivators

25
Q

How are HATs tethered to specific parts of the genome?

A

by sequence specific binding proteins

26
Q

Are sequence specific DNA binding proteins (SSBP) a transactivator?

A

no

27
Q

Sequence specific DNA binding proteins bring what to the regulatory element location?

A

HDACs

28
Q

How does “suppressing DNA accessibility” inhibit gene expression? (article question)

A

when HDACs force condensing of chromatin the PIC CANNOT form and trasncription DOES NOT occur

29
Q

How is the HDAC inhibitor killing the giloma stem cells? (article question)

A

should increases gene expression but instead decreased cancerous gene expression

29
Q

Would you treat a patient with a disease, where gene expression is pathologically inhibited, with a drug that inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs) or a drug that inhibits histone acetyl transferases (HATs)? (article question)

A

HDAC inhibitor because you want the chromatin to be open

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