DNA, genes and Protein synthesis Ch.8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Gene

A

A section if DNA on a chromosome coding for one or more polypeptides.

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2
Q

Why is the genetic code said to be universal?

A

All organisms use the same genetic code

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3
Q

Locus

A

The position on a chromosome where a gene is found

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4
Q

Universal

A

All organisms have the same genetic code

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5
Q

Genome

A

All the genes contained within the cell (includes mitochondria and chloroplast)

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6
Q

Degenerate

A

An amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon

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7
Q

Redundant

A

Same as degenerate, when an amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon

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8
Q

(Triplet) Codon

A

Three nucleotides that correspond to a specific amino acid or stop signal

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9
Q

Allele

A

An alternative form of a gene

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10
Q

Histone

A

Protein around what DNA is wrapped around. In this form chromosomes are called chromatin.

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11
Q

Homologous

A

A pair of chromosomes where one is provided by the father and one by the mother.

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12
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins that are coded for by the genome

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13
Q

Intron

A

Sequence of non-coding DNA

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14
Q

Exon

A

Sequence of coding DNA

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15
Q

Chromosome

A

Strand of DNA encoded with genes

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16
Q

Non-overlapping

A

Each base is only read once in a sequential order.

17
Q

Diploid

A

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes one from mother and one from father.

18
Q

Prokaryotes DNA structure?

A

Short, circular and not associated with proteins.

19
Q

Eukaryotes DNA structure?

A

long, linear and associated with proteins, called histones. Form chromosomes

20
Q

Whats the structure of DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

Like prokaryotes, short, circular and not

associated with protein.

21
Q

What’s the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA is double stranded, and has Thymine, and has ribose sugar.

22
Q

What’s the structure of mRNA?

A

A single long stand in a single helix.

23
Q

What’s the structure of tRNA?

A

Folded single stranded chain, has anticodon.

24
Q

Which has hydrogen bond? DNA, tRNA, mRNA

A

DNA and tRNA

25
Q

Put in order of most stable to least stable. tRNA, mRNA and DNA

A

DNA, tRNA then mRNA

26
Q

What is transcription?

A

Producing mRNA from tRNA

27
Q

How is mRNA made?

A
  • DNA helicase breaks the H bonds b/n bases and the DNA unwinds and unzips.
  • One of the two stands act as a template strand.
  • Free nucleotide pair with complementary bases on template strand.
  • RNA polymerase joins the nucleotides forming pre-mRNA
  • Pre-mRNA is spliced and introns are removed.
  • mRNA leaves via nuclear pore
28
Q

What happens in splicing?

A

Introns (non-coding DNA is removed)

29
Q

Does splicing occur in prokaryotes?

A

No

30
Q

What is translation?

A

The production of polypeptides from mRNA

31
Q

Explain the process of translation

A
  • Ribosome attaches to the starting codon of the mRNA,
  • A tRNA with complimentary anticodon sequence to mRNA moves to ribosomes and pairs with the mRNA.
  • The tRNA carries a specific amino acid
  • The next tRNA pairs with the next mRNA codon which carries another amino acid.
  • Two amino acids form peptide bonds.
  • Ribosome moves to third codon and so on.