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Biology AQA A Level > Cytology Ch 3 > Flashcards

Cytology Ch 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell membrane

A

A selectively permeable membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell by the presence/ absence of specific protein channels

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA/ genetic information (information about how to produce proteins and instructions for the function of cells)

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3
Q

Nucleoulus

A

Where ribosomes are produced

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4
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane around the nucleus with nuclear pores for substances to move into and out of the nucleus

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

For protein synthesis. In rough ER and in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER- A system of interconnected tubes that transport molecules.
Rough has ribosomes attached that synthesis proteins which get transported through the ER.
Smooth- Synthesise, store and transports lipids and carbohydrates.

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7
Q

Gogi apparatus

A

A series of curved tubes closely aligned with vsicals budding off.

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8
Q

Give examples of what the Golgo apparatus does

A

Adds carbs to proteins forming glycoproteins
produces lysosome and other enzymes that are produced in the pancrease.
modifies and stores lipids
Secretes carbs

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9
Q

lysosome

A

vesicle containing lysozome, a digestive enzyme that breaks down cells, organelles and pathogens

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10
Q

Structure of Cell wall in plants

A

Beta glucose forming microfibrils which form fibres, producing cellulose.

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11
Q

How is cell wall in plants adapted to its function

A

Strong and rigid= mechanical strength, cell doesn’t burt under water pressure when turgid.
Permeable
Structural support

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

makes cells turgid
stores sugar, amino acid
pigment in colour petals

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13
Q

What organelles does mitochondria contain?

A 
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Matrix (proteins, lipids, ribosomes, DNA)
Cristae
Coiled loop of DNA
Ribosome
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14
Q

What organelles are in Chloroplast

A 
Outer chloroplast membrane
Inner Chloroplast membrane
Grana (block of thylakoids)
Stroma (cytoplasm)
Coiled loop of DNA
Ribosomes
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15
Q

What does thylakoids contain?

A

Chlorophyll

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16
Q

What is Monera

A

Bacteria

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17
Q

Is Monera a prokaryote or eukaryote

A

Prokaryote

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18
Q

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote

A

Pro has no nucleus envelope, no membrane bound organelles, 70s (smaller) ribosomes, DNA is not associated with histones.

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19
Q

What organelles are in a Bacteria

A 
Coiled loop of DNA
Slime capsule
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Pili
Plasmid
Cytoplasm
70s Ribosome
Mesosome
Flagellum
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20
Q

Cell wall made of in plants, fungi and bacteria

A

Cellulose, chitin, murein

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21
Q

Whats a slime Capsule for

A

Protection from other cells, stops drying out, bacteria can group together,

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22
Q

Whats pili for

A

Cell adhesion and conjugation( transfer plasmid)

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23
Q

What is in Virus Structure

A

Protein Coat
DNA/RNA
Attachment proteins
Sometimes a lipid envelope taken from host

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24
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Magnification= image/real image

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25
Q

Resolution

A

the minimum distance apart two objects can be apart in order for them to appear as two separate items.

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26
Q

Why does electron microscope have a greater resolution than light

A

The beam of electron has a shorter wavelength than light beam

27
Q

Conditions needed for an electron microscope to work

A

Beam of electron in vaccum,

specimen needs to be thin, dehydrated, dead,

28
Q

Differences between Transmission and Scanning EM

A 
Transmission= 2D, greater mag and resolution
Scanning= 3D, lower mag and resolution
29
Q

Cell fractionation

A

breaking open cells to release contents

30
Q

Three stages of fractionation

A

Adding solution, homogenising, and ultracentrifuge

31
Q

What solution does tissue need to be in for fractionation and why

A

Ice cold - inactivate enzymes so that organelles are not digested
Buffer- keep pH the same so enzymes are not denatured
Isotonic- ensure water doesn’t move into and out of organelles by osmosis and makes sure the organelles don’t burst or shrivel.

32
Q

What happens in ultracentrifugation

A

solution is spun by centrifuge and heaviest organelle is forced to the bottom. (sediment)
The supernatant is filtered put in another test tube and spun again at a faster speed

33
Q

Rank following from densest to least dense. Mitochondria, ribosome, nucleus, chloroplast

A

Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria and ribosome

34
Q

Stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and cytokinesis

35
Q

What happens in Interphase

A

DNA replicated

36
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visible, nucleolus breaks down and nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibre starts to form

37
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align in the equator of the cell, spindle fibre attaches to the centromere of the chromosomes

38
Q

What happens in Anaphase

A

Spindle fibre retracts, pulling apart the two sister choromatids and pulling to opposite poles of the cell

39
Q

What happens in Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes .

40
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

The cell splits in two

41
Q

How can cancer occur as a result of the cell cycle going wrong?

A

If there is rapid and uncontrolled cell division it can result to a tumour, and cells not doing their function properly`

42
Q

How do bacteria’s divide

A

Binary fission

43
Q

Is xylem an organ or tissue?

A

Tissue

44
Q

Is a blood capillary an organ?

A

No

45
Q

Is an artery an organ?

A

No

46
Q

Why are arteries and veins organs but not capillaries

A

Capillaries only have an epithelium cell lining not a muscle wall or elastic wall like veins and artries.

47
Q

What is the name of the membrane of the vacuole?

A

Tonoplast

48
Q

What is Chromatin and where is it found?

A

Chromatin is the DNA and the histone proteins. The chromosome before it is condensed. It is found in the nucleus.

49
Q

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum found?

A

Attached to the nucleus

50
Q

Where do the products of the endoplasmic reticulum go?

A

To the gogi apparatus

51
Q

What is the term for when a cell removes a molecule from the cell?

A

Exocytosis

52
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working (aggregated) together to perform a specific function.

53
Q

What is an organ?

A

A combination of tissues co-ordinates to perform a variety of functions but often one major one.

54
Q

Do prokaryotes always have flagellum’s?

A

No, only sometimes

55
Q

Do prokaryotes always have plasmid?

A

No, only sometimes.

56
Q

Do eukaryotes have flagellum’s?

A

Sometimes

57
Q

Do eukaryotes have cell walls?

A

Sometimes

58
Q

Where are ribosomes produced?

A

Nucleoulus

59
Q

Why would you use a TEM microscope to look at a single-celled organism?

A

High/ better resolution;
Shorter wavelength;
To see internal structures of organelles

60
Q

Give evidence that supports the theory that mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic cells

A

Circular DNA, 70s ribosome, no introns and no histones.

61
Q

Name two structures in a Eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical microscope

A

Ribosome, lysosome, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

62
Q

How would you make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the position of starch grains in cells when using an optical miscroscope

A
  • Add a drop of water to the slide.
  • Place a thin section of plant on slide
  • Stain with Iodine from potassium iodine.
  • Lower the cover slip with a mounted needle
63
Q

What happens in Binary fission?

A
  • Replication of the circular DNA and of plasmids
  • division of the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells, each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids.
64
Q

How would you calculate mitotic index?

A

Number of cells undergoing mitosis/Total number of cells x 100

Biology AQA A Level (15 decks)

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