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DNA AND RNA > DNA experiments > Flashcards

DNA experiments Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

before DNA scientist thought and why

A

protein was genetic material because many more combs (2o AA) and chromosoes have DNA and protiens

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2
Q

genes control

A

protein synthesis

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3
Q

why did scientist think that DNA is not unique and protein is

A

because DNA only has 4 neucletides

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4
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

smooth and rough bacteria in mice (DNA transformation)

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5
Q

griffith Bacteria

A

pneumococcus

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6
Q

S (smooth bacteria)

A

virulent (lethal)
Mice – pneumonia - death

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7
Q

(R) rough strain –

A

avirulent
Mice survive

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8
Q

Heat killed (S) strain

A

Mice survive

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9
Q

Heat killed (S) + live (R)

A

Mice died
Found living (S) in dead mice

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10
Q

transformation

A

type of permanent genetic change where the properties of 1 strain of dead cells are conferred on a different strain of living cells

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11
Q

griffith came up with what principle

A

“transforming principle” was transferred from dead to living cells

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12
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

A

Identified Griffith’s transforming principle as DNA
(just went farther with his reseracch)

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13
Q

Live (R) + purified DNA from (S) =
in avery experiemnt

A

🡪 R cells transformed

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14
Q

R + (S) DNA →

A

mouse dead

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15
Q

R + (S) protein→

A

live

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16
Q

DNA responsible for

A

transformation

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17
Q

scentist still didnt belive griffith and avery,macleod, maccarthy bcuz

A

they still belive that ther could of been cross contamination and som protine got inot the dna sample

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18
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Bacteriophages and blender

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19
Q

Radioactive labels
for hershey and chase

A

Viral protein – sulfur
Viral DNA - phosphorus

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20
Q

quick procedure of hershey and chase experiment

A

infect bacteria, agitate in blender, centrifuge

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21
Q

what did hershey and chase find in sulfur sample

A

all radioactivity in supernatant (not in cells)

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22
Q

phosphorus sample

A

radioactivity in pellet (inside cells)

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23
Q

bacteriophages inject DNA into bacteria, leaving

A

proteinon outside

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24
Q

Rosalind Franklin (in lab of Wilkins)

A

X-ray diffraction on crystals of purified DNA
(found shape of DNA ) (HELIX SHAPE)

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25
Q

rosalind determined

A

Determine distance between atoms of molecules arranged in a regular, repeating crystalline structure

Helix structure
Nucleotide bases like rungs on ladder

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26
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick – 1953

A

made actual model of Dna

DNA now widely accepted as genetic material

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27
Q

Took all available info on DNA and put together
Showed

A

DNA can carry info for proteins
Serve as own template for replication

28
Q

meselson and stahl

A

experiment to test the possible models of DNA replication. Grew bacteria in a heavy isotope of Nitrogen (15N), then transferred to light nitrogen.demonstrated that DNA replicated semi-conservatively,

29
Q

be able to explain how mutagens can be passed on

A

write on paper memorize

30
Q

DNA replication diagram (semiconservative model be able to explan it )

A

parent molecule strands separate the daughter DNA molecules will each contain one parental strand and one new strand

31
Q

what are the 7 steps of DNA replication

A

1.DNA helicase
2.helix-destabilizing proteins (SSB)
3.topoisomerases
4.RNA primer
5.DNA polymerase
6.Origin of replication
7.DNA ligase

32
Q
  1. DNA helicase
A

separates the 2 strands of DNA (“unzipping) (takes apart hydrogen bonds between base pair

33
Q
  1. Helix-destabilizing proteins
A

bind to single DNA strands,prevents reforming of the double helix (they stabilize it open)

34
Q
  1. topoisomerases
A

prevents knots/tangling/supercoiling -tightning

35
Q
  1. RNA primer
A

made first at origin of replication

36
Q

DNA polymerases can only add new nucleotides to a

A

existing DNA chain

37
Q

DNA polymerase can add nucleotides base pairs to

A

original DNA template

38
Q

RNA primer makes

A

primase (make DNA polymerase)

39
Q

Primase will be displaced by DNA polymerase after the

A

1st few nucleotides or primer as added

40
Q

Primers are later

A

degrade by enzymes and filled with DNA (so there is a cont. DNA nucleotide sequence)

41
Q
  1. DNA polymerase
A

Polymers make DNA. it adds nucleotides to the 3’ end (where hydroxyl is )

42
Q

DNA always grows in

A

5’ to 3’ direction

43
Q
  1. Origin of replication
A

this is where you get a replication bubble it will get a y shaped fork

44
Q

leading strand

A

nucleotides continuously added to 3’ end thoward fork

45
Q

lagging strand

A

nucleotides add to 3’ prime end going away from fork_____> get short pieces of DNA

46
Q

okazaki fragments

A

discontinuous,get short pieces of DNA

47
Q

7.DNA ligase

A

joins fragments (links 3’ OH of one to 5’ phosphate of another =phosphodiester linkage) DNA ligase is going to seal up the sugar phosphate backbone and the ladder between the bases (ACTG) will form again

48
Q

the bubbles in DNA

A

at the origin as replication happens proceeds in both directions you will end up with multiple bubbles along the same DNA strands then all of the bubbles will end up coming together then the 2 daughter DNA molecules separated in to two separate strands the bubble allows replication to go faster and make it more efficient since the DNA is larger makes separation of strand to go quicker

49
Q

why are there little fragments while adding nucleotides to DNA strands

A

little fragments because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides on to the 3’ and DNA is anti-parallel so they go opp sides

50
Q

the proteins that participate in DNA replication form a large complex

A

DNA replication machine

51
Q

the DNA replication machine may be stationary during the

A

replication process

52
Q

what proofreads newly made DNA and replaces any incorrect nucleotides

A

DNA polymerases

53
Q

In mismatch pairs of DNA

A

repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing

54
Q

DNA can be damaged by

A

exposure to harmful chemical or physical agents (cigarettes and x-rays) it can also undergo spontaneous changes

55
Q

In nucleotides excision repair

A

a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA

56
Q

eveloitionary sig. of altered DNA nucleotides

A

these changes (mutations) are the source of the genetic variation upon which natural selection operates

57
Q

telomeres

A

caps end of chromosome:short non-coding sequences repeated many times they are peotectants so no DNA info is lost when DNA is replicated so many times

58
Q

lagging strands is discont., so DNA polymerase unable to complete replication leaving small parts unreplicated

A

small parts are lost with each cycle

59
Q

germ cells

A

sex cells

60
Q

telemorase

A

catalyzing the length of teleomere ( extends out lengthens and adds)

61
Q

shortening Telomoer and cancer

A

telemoers can stop growing and parts of DNA can get lost and stop replicating so certian cells can stop replicatign which can help not spread cancer (Its good)

62
Q

DNA+protiens=

A

chromosomes

63
Q

BActeria chromosome

A

double stranded,circular, DNA +small amount of protien

DNA is supercoiled in nucleotide

64
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes

A

liner DNA molecules and large amount of protiens

chromatin (DNA + Protien) in nucleus

65
Q

Histones

A

DNA are wrapped tightly around them

DNA AND RNA (6 decks)

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