DNA, Cell Division, Meiosis, Asexual And Sexual Reproduction Flashcards
What is the purpose of cell division in single called organisms? In multicellular organisms?
Single celled - to reproduce and pass on genetic information.
Multicellular- to reproduce, grow, and repair.
What are the three part of cell division in the correct order?
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis.
What are the parts of Mitosis in the correct order?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What are the results of mitosis? (How many nuclei/ haploid or diploid/ identical or different).
One nuclear division producing 2 identical diploid nuclei.
Coiled DNA is called
Chromatin.
A duplicate chromosome that consists of 2 identical structures
Chromatid.
Holds the chromosomes together.
Centromere
Chromatin that is compacted into visible structures.
Chromosomes.
What is the longest part of cell division?
Interphase
What is the longest part of Meiosis?
Prophase 1
If the offspring produced by a plant are identical to the parent, what kind of reproduction has taken place? How many parents are required for this type?
Asexual reproduction.
Only one parent.
How do hydras reproduce?
Budding
Form of asexual reproduction in which a bud developed off the parent and separates.
Budding.
New pants grow from stems, roots, or leaves
Vegetative reproduction
Runners, Tubers, and plantlets reproduce by?
Vegetative reproduction
Form of asexual reproduction in which the parent organism splits into 2 new organisms.
Binary Fission.
A specialized cell that can survive harsh conditions.
Spore.
What are the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Similarities- forms f reproduction; new cells produced;
Differences
Asexual -1 parent, genetically identical, reproduces quickly, no complex structures, large amount of offspring.
Sexual-2 parents, genetic variation, complex structure reproduces slowly.
When an egg is fertilized by a sperm and a new cell forms, that is called a?
Egg and sperm unite.
Zygote.
If an organism is produced by sexual reproduction, ________ of its chromosomes came from ________ parent.
Half
Each
How are plant cells different from animal cells?
Plant cells form cell plates instead of the cytoplasm pinching in during cytokinesis.
How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs.
How many cells are produced at the end of cell division?
2 cells.
During what parts of the cell division does the cell have a nuclear membrane?
Interphase, telophase and cytokinesis.
When ft spindle fibers form during mitosis?
Prophase.
When do chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell during mitosis?
Anaphase.
In mitosis, when do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
Metaphase.
In mitosis, when do chromatids separate?
Anaphase.
What holds together double-stranded chromosomes?
Centromeres.
How do strawberries reproduce?
Runners
How do potatoes reproduce?
Type of budding called eyes.
Who former the double-helix model of DNA?
Watson and Crick.
What does adenine always pair up with? What other 2 bases pair?
Adenine-thymine
Cytosine- guanine.
Instead of cytoplasm pinching in during cytokinesis, what happens to plant cells?
Plants form cell plates.
How many times does the nucleus divide in meiosis? How many cells are produced?
2
4
When do centromeres split in Meiosis?
Anaphase 2
*They don’t split in meiosis 1
When do tetras line up in the center of the cell during meiosis?
Metaphase 1
When does crossing over occur? What is crossing over?
Prophase 1.
Exchange of genetic information between non sister chromatids.
What is the site of crossing over?
The Chiasmata (chiasma)
What is independent assortment?
Homologous chromosomes lining up randomly during metaphase 1.
What is synapsis?
The pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent during early meiosis.
What are the differences between somatic cells and gametes?
Somatic cells are body cells (46 chromosomes)(diploid)
Gametes are sex cells (23 chromosomes)(haploid)
One organism produces one or more new organisms that are genetically identical to itself.
Asexual reproduction.
Move to opposite ends of the cell(poles) and hold the spindle fibers.
Centrioles
Holds the two sister chromosomes together.
Centromere.
DNA that is in thread like coils.
Chromatin.
Having the full amount of chromosomes in the cell (body cells).
Diploid
The female gamete called the ovum.
Egg.
Joining of the sperm and egg.
Fertilization.
Sex cells.
Gametes.
When diploid cells are reduced by half they become?
Sex cells
Haploid.
the process by which gametes with half the number of chromosomes are produced.
Meiosis.
Part of the cell cycle in which the nucleus divides.
Mitosis.
Two parents each contribute a sex cell to the new organism.
Sexual reproduction.
Male gametes (sex cells).
Sperm.
If an offspring has 2 X chromosomes, the offspring will be _________.
If an offspring has and X and Y chromosomes, the offspring will be ________.
Female
Male.
The failure of homologous chromosomes, or sister chromatids, to separate during meiosis.
Non-disjunction
Results with the production of zygotes with abnormal chromosome_____________. This is damaging to the offspring.
Numbers
If an organism has _____________ ___it has 3 chromosomes in the 18th set. _______________ ___, 3 chromosomes in the 21st set.
Trisomy 18
Trisomy 21
If an organism has _________________ ___, it has only one chromosome in the 23rd set.
Monosomy 23.
A procedure a pregnant woman can have in order to detect some genetic disorders…such as non-disjunction.
Amniocentesis.
Trisomy 21 is ___________ syndrome.
Down
Monosomy 23(X) is ____________ syndrome.
Turners.
Trisomy 23 (XXY) is ______________ syndrome.
Kleinfelters
Trisomy 18 is ___________ syndrome.
Edwards.
Occurs before mitosis.
Longest of all phases
DNA is copied
DNA starts out as thread like coils (chromatin) change to sister chromatin at end of this phase, making the beginning of mitosis.
Interphase.
3rd step of mitosis
Each centromere divides
Chromatin separates and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
2nd step of mitosis
Chromatids (chromosome pairs) line up in the middle of the cell
Each centromere attaches to a spindle fiber.
Metaphase
4th step of mitosis Spindle fibers disappear Nuclear membrane forms New nuclei appear Chromosomes appear as chromatin (rather than rods) harder to see Two new cells start to divide Mitosis ends
Telophase
1st step of mitosis
Nuclear membrane begins to fade
Sister chromatids attach together with a centromere
Chromosomes are now fully visible.
Centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell
Spindle fibers begin to form
Prophase.
T/F
Centrioles aren’t found in most plant cells
True
Meiosis 1
Chromosomes duplicate and coil up
Each duplicate chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres
Centrioles pair also replicate
The nucleus can be seen during this phase of
Interphase 1
Meiosis 1
Shortest phase
Tetrads align on the ___________ plate
Each centromere attaches to a spindle fiber
Independent assortment occurs
1. Homologous chromosomes line up randomly
2. Increases variation
Metaphase 1
Meiosis 1
Homologous chromosomes separate from the tetras and move towards the poles
Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres ( centromeres DO NOT split in meiosis 1!!!)
Anaphase 1
Meiosis 1
Longest and most complex part of meiosis, 90% of the emoticons process occurs in this stage.
Nuclear membrane fades, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, each pair of chromosomes (called homologous chromosomes) come together with its matching pair
Crossing over occurs
This set of chromosomes is called a tetrad
Prophase 1
The process of forming a tetrad is called __________
During __________ segments of non sister chromatids reattach to the their chromatids. The ____________ ( chiasma) are the site of crossing over.
Synapsis
Crossing over
Chiasmata
Meiosis 1 Spindle fibers break down Chromatids are still attached Nuclear membrane fades Cytoplasm pinches in to form to new cells in a process called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis 1
T/F
Meiosis 2 has an interphase 2
False no interphase!!!!!!
Meiosis 2
Chromosomes (still pairs) line up in the middle of he cell
Metaphase 2
Meiosis 2
Nuclear membrane fades
Spindle fibers in each of the new cells
Centrioles begin to move to opposite ends
Prophase 2
Meiosis 2
The centromere of each chromosome colitis
The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase 2
Meiosis 2 The nuclei reform Spindle fibers break down Cytoplasm divides Four cells with half the number of chromosomes, as the original parent cell are formed. The cells are NOT identical.
Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis 2
________ stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Known as the blueprint for a persons traits.
Made of ___________,__________ and four _________ bases.
DNA
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen
The handrails of DNA is made of _______ and _________
Rungs are made up of four _________ bases.
Sugar and phosphate
Nitrogen
