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DNA and pRotein Synthesis Flashcards

0
Q

DNA double helix discovered in?

A

1953

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1
Q

What are the three major functions of DNA?

A

Controlling cellular activities
Making exact copies of itself ( DNA replication)
Undergoing mutations

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2
Q

What is a polymer of nucleotide

A

Means many (large molecule of many sub molecules (nucleotide)

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3
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of?

A

Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What are the two types of bases?

A

Purines , pyrimidines

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5
Q

Purines-

A

Have a double ring structure

Adenine and guanine

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6
Q

Pyrimidines-

A

Have a single ring structure

Thymine and cytosine

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7
Q

Uracil replaces what in what?

A

In RNA , replaces thymine

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8
Q

Each strand of DNA or one side of the ladder is composed of a back bone of alternating molecules, what are they?

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

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9
Q

Adenine bonds with ______ and has____ hydrogen bonds

A

Thymine and has two hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Guanine bonds with _____ and has ____hydrogen bonds

A

Cytosine and 3 hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What is chargaffs rule?

A

Number of purine bases equals number of pyramidine bases

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12
Q

Genes are located on the

A

Chromosome

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13
Q

If a chromosome is like a cook book a. Gene is like___

A

A recipe

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14
Q

A gene consists of a sequence of about ____dna base pairs

A

I1000

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15
Q

Genes always occur in ____

A

Pairs

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16
Q

Genes control_____

A

Cellular chemical reaction

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17
Q

In what structure are genes found?

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

What bases are used in RNA

A

U A G C

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19
Q

What bases are used in DNA

A

A T G C

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20
Q

What is replication

A

Copying the DNA

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21
Q

What is transcription

A

Turning into messenger rRNA strand

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22
Q

What is translation

A

Create amino acid from RNA

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23
Q

What is semi conservative replication

A

Half and half

One new strand one old strand

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24
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deribose

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25
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

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26
Q

RNA has how many strands

A

Single stranded

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27
Q

DNA has how many strands

A

2

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28
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

Ribosomal (rRNA)
Messenger (mRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)

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29
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

Aid in protein synthesis - read mRNA codon

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30
Q

What is the function mRNA

A

Copying sections of DNA template strand

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31
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Carries the amino acid from the cytoplasm to a ribosome for protein synthesis

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32
Q

What does a polymerase-p do

A

Makes molecules

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33
Q

What is the sense strand?

A

Makes sense, is used

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34
Q

______for diabetic patients can be synthesized by bacteria that have undergone recombinant DNA processes

A

Insulin

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35
Q

The final phase of translation where the amino acid chain is released from the ribosomes

A

Termination

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36
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is removed from a gene

37
Q

________bonds form between the nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule

38
Q

Unlike DNA , RNA is a ____-stranded molecule

39
Q

The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA molecule

A

Transcription

40
Q

The shape of the DNA molecule

A

Double helix

41
Q

Something that can get DNA from one species into the cells of another species

42
Q

Any factor which causes a mutation is called

43
Q

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

A

Substitution

44
Q

DNA and RNA are both

A

Nucleic Acids

45
Q

If a DNA strand read gatggctca , the complimentary DNA strand would be

46
Q

This type of RNA is used in the ribosomes during protein synthesis

47
Q

The process of DNA making copies of itself

A

Replication

48
Q

The first phase of translation where the mRNA and first tRNA join up with the small ribosomal subunit is called_____

A

Initiation

49
Q

DNA is found in the ____ of the eukaryotic cells

50
Q

Many ribosomes can be translating a single mRNA strand at the same time-this unit is called a

51
Q

The enzyme that adds nucleotides to the growing strand during transcription

A

RNA polymers

52
Q

A nitrogenous base with a double ring structure

53
Q

Proteins which associate with DNA to form chromosomes

54
Q

The enzyme that unzips the DNA strand during replication

55
Q

A DNA subunit made up of three subunits

A

Nucleotide

56
Q

A three letter sequence on tRNA that is complimentary to an mRNA condone

57
Q

This type of RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomes

58
Q

Chromosomal______occurs when entire portions of chromosome are removed

59
Q

A change to the base pair sequence of a DNA molecule

60
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece of chromosome is flipped

61
Q

Proteins are made up of chains of______strung together

A

Amino acids

62
Q

This type of RNA brings the instructions from the DNA molecule to the ribosomes

63
Q

DNA is made up of many repeating subunits and is therefore referred to as being a

64
Q

Replication of the DNA molecule is concidered to be a ____process because each daughter strand contains half old DNA and half new

A

Semi conservative

65
Q

The reading of an mRNA strand by a ribosome to make a protein is called ______

A

Translation

66
Q

Uv lights and X-rays are an example of _______mutagens

67
Q

A____ mutatgen only affects one gene

68
Q

Hpv is an example of a ____ mutagen

69
Q

A gene mutation where a nucleotide is inserted into a gene

70
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a piece if one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

A

Translation

71
Q

RNA contains one nitrogenous based not found in the DNA called____

72
Q

A nitrogenous base with a single ring structure

A

Pyramidine

73
Q

Completed proteins are sent to the ______. For final packaging and processing

A

Golgi apparatus

74
Q

Benzene and dioxins are examples of ___mutagens

75
Q

A chromosomal mutation where a portion of a chromosomes repeats itself

A

Duplication

76
Q

A mutagen that causes cancer is called

A

Carcinogen

77
Q

_____mutations occur in the gametes or early on in embryological development

78
Q

____bonds occur between joining amino acids

79
Q

The number of purines will always equal the number of pyramidine acording to ___ rule

80
Q

___base pairing means that only a with pair with t and only g will pair with c

A

Complimentary

81
Q

The amino acid chain is released from the ribosome when a stop codon signals for a ____________ to enter the ribosome

A

Release factor

82
Q

A small circular piece of DNA that can be used to transfer DNA from one species to another.

83
Q

A _____ mutation affects many genes because a large portion of chromosomes are altered

A

Chromosomal

84
Q

Addition and deletion mutagens can cause devastating effects because they cause a ________

A

Frame shift

85
Q

The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the growing strand during replication

A

DNA polymers

86
Q

The second phase of translation where the amino acid chain grows is called the______

A

Elongation

87
Q

Strong______ bonds form between sugar and phosphates to form the backbone of the molecule

88
Q

The three letter sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

89
Q

____mutations occur in the cells after birth

Biology (4 decks)

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