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biology > dna and genetics > Flashcards

dna and genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is dna

A

dna is a complex molecule that determines the characteristics of most living things

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2
Q

when was dna discovered and who discovered it

A

in 1953

james Watson and Francis crick

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3
Q

what is the structure of dna

A

dna has the same structure in all organisms in that it is made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar - base

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4
Q

what are the nitrogen bases

A

they pair up to form the rungs. the four bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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5
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

they are the parts that make up dna. they have three parts; phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and one of the four nitrogen rich bases (a, t, g, or c)

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6
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

adenine+thymine and guanine+cytosine

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7
Q

who is Rosalind Franklin

A

she is a British chemist who is best known for her role in the discovery of the structure of dna

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8
Q

who is Maurice Wilkins

A

heis a biophysicist who was well known for his contributions to the discovery of dnas molecular structure
he won the 1962 Nobel prize

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9
Q

what can you do with dna

A

genetic testing, species identification, paternity, research, transgenic organisms

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10
Q

chromosomes are…

A

long, thin, thread-like structures found in the nuclei of all cells in the human body containing a nucleus (eukaryotic)

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11
Q

chromosomes are made up of…

A

dna molecule wrapped around proteins

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12
Q

chromosome number refers to…

A

the number of chromosomes in the human body. there are 46 chromosomes and two of them are sex chromosomes

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13
Q

what are the chromosomes called that don’t determine the sex

A

autosome

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14
Q

how many chromosomes do people with down syndrome have

A

47

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15
Q

karyotype…

A

shows the pairs if chromosomes for a human cell

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16
Q

genes

A

sections of dna arranged along the dna
the order of bases and the number of bases will vary between genes
bases or codes contain instructions for particular characteristics for the person

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17
Q

xx

A

female

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18
Q

xy

A

male

19
Q

how many genes on a chromosome

A

ranges from 200 to 2000

20
Q

what is the molecule that connects the rungs to the upright molecules

A

sugar

21
Q

what are the molecules that make the uprights of the ladder

A

phosphate and sugar

22
Q

what are the rungs of the ladder made by

A

complementary base pairing : a-t rungs and g-c rungs

23
Q

a=

A

adenine

24
Q

t=

A

thymine

25
Q

g=

A

guanine

26
Q

c=

A

cytosine

27
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

the small molecules in dna are called nucleotides. all of the nucleotides in dna have the same structure and they consist of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen rich base.

28
Q

what is the upright of the dna structure?

A

backbone

29
Q

what is it called when the chromosome is short and fat

A

coiling

30
Q

what is another name for a double helix

A

chromatid

31
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are in adenine and thymine

A

2

32
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have

A

3

33
Q

what was the materials used in the dna extraction experiment

A 
kiwi fruit
gauze pieces
test tube
measuring cylinder 
cold ethanol
salt 
detergent
glass rod
spatula 
ice bath
34
Q

describe the dna appearance that was extracted during the experiment

A

it looked like cotton and was very easy to move in the liquid

35
Q

procedure and function of dna extraction

A

crush the kiwi fruit- break open the cells
add detergent- dissolve the fat part of the cell wall and nuclear membrane
add salt- break up the protein chains that bind around the dna
pour in cold ethanol- precipitate dna from the mixture

36
Q

primary examples

A

gender

37
Q

secondary examples

A

voice

38
Q

genetic code

A

is an instruction for making proteins

39
Q

how do genes become different

A

due to the order and number of bases

40
Q

what do autosomes do

A

functioning of organs
hair colour
hair type-curly, straight
eye colour

41
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pairs with one pair being the sex cells

42
Q

how many chromosomes are in cells

A

sex cells-23 chromosomes-half of total
body cells-46 chromosomes-44 are autosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes

43
Q

when a double helix is about to divide what does it do

A

each double helix coils around and around until it is short and fat.

biology (4 decks)

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