DNA Flashcards
Eukaryotes
An organism which has cells that have DNA in the form chromosomes, located in the nucleus.
Nucleus
An organelle that remains in the membrane containing the chromosomes.
Membrane
The outer boundary of the living cell, which is the thin layer.
Organelle
Any specialised structure located within a cell that performs a specific function.
Nuclear pores
A protein-lined channel that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm
Situated within the nuclear membrane, it stores DNA and ensures that gene regulation can occur within an isolated environment.
Metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within the body.
Nucleolus
A region found in the nucleus that produces and assembles the ribosomes.
Chromatin network
Contains all the cell’s DNA
DNA
The molecule containing the genetic information of an organism.
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures situated within the nucleus, which contains the DNA of an organism.
Genes
The functional and physical unit of heredity and particular sections of DNA that carry specific coded messages.
Mitochondria
Membrane-bound and they generate most of the chemical energy required for biochemical reactions
Chloroplast
The part of plant and algal cells in which photosynthesis occurs.
Extranuclear DNA
DNA that is found outside of the nucleus
RNA
A molecule that codes, decodes, regulates and expresses genes.
Monomers
A molecule that forms the basic units of polymers
Nucleotides
Serves as the building blocks of DNA and RNA
Cytoplasm
The jelly-like in which organelles are suspended
Polymer
A large molecule that is made up of many similar and smaller molecules that are bonded in long, repeating chains.
Deoxyribose sugar
Consists of five carbon atoms which is a sugar molecule that helps form the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules
Phosphate group
A chemical compound made of phosphorus and oxygen atoms which when attached to carbon, forms the backbone of DNA
Nitrogenous base
A molecule containing nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base
Adenine
A pyrimidine base used in forming nucleotides which assists with stabilising the structure of DNA when bonded to thymine
Thymine
A purine base that forms bonds with adenine and is a building block of DNA
Cytosine
A pyrimidine that bonds to guanine
Guanine
A purine base that has a two-ringed structure and is involved with signaling within the cell
Purine
A heterocycle composed of carbon and hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds
Bonds that bind pyrimidine and purine bases to each other
Genome
The complete set of genes within an organism
DNA replication
The duplication of the DNA molecule to form two replicas
Protein synthesis
The process in which proteins are manufactured into living cells
Amino acids
The building blocks of proteins
Coding DNA
DNA in living cells that codes for proteins
Non-coding DNA
DNA that does that not carry information to produce proteins
Gene expression
The process by which the instructions within DNA is converted to a functional product
Mutation
A permanent change in DNA sequence
DNA profiling
The process in which a specific DNA pattern is obtained from someone’s tissue sample
DNA sample
Biological material, such blood, that is used to determine someone’s DNA profile and their band patterns.
DNA extraction
A procedure through which DNA is isolated from a cell’s nucleus
Identical twins
Siblings who look exactly alike and share the same DNA band patterns, as a result of sharing the same genes
Forensic evidence
Evidence that is gained by scientific methods, which is gained from crime scenes and laboratories.
Paternity
The confirmed identity of someone’s father
Endangered species
A species that is most likely to become extinct in the future.
Poaching
The illegal hunting or capturing of plants and animal species
DNA barcode
A unique sequence that is used to identify a person
Genetic disease
A disease that is caused by a defect found in genes
