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5th form GCSE Bioligy > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four bases in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
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2
Q

What is Adenine always paired with?

A
  • Thymine
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3
Q

What is cytosine always paired with?

A
  • Guanine
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4
Q

What shape is DNA?

A
  • Double Helix
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5
Q

State the basic structure of DNA?

A
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6
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • RNA nucleotides are joined to form a single strand
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7
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  1. RNA is a single stranded while DNA is double stranded
  2. RNA has a sugar called ribose while DNA has a sugar called deoxyribose
  3. RNA has the base uracil while DNA has the base thymine
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8
Q

What are the two type of RNA you need to know about?

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Transfer RNA
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9
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A
  • It copies the sequence of bases of a section of the DNA
  • This process is called transcription
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10
Q

What is the transfer RNA?

A
  • The tRNA picks up specific amino acids and are joined together in a specific order to make a protein
  • This process is called translation
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11
Q

How do we abriviate messenger RNA and transfer RNA?

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
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12
Q

Define a gene?

A
  • A length of DNA which codes for a protein
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13
Q

How many choromasomes are in a human? (not sex cells)

A

46

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14
Q

How many chormasomes are in sex cells of one human?

A
  • 23
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15
Q

What are the two letters for being female?

A
  • XX
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16
Q

What are the two letters for being male?

A
  • XY
17
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A
  • Contains two copies of each of their 23 chromasomes
18
Q

What is a hapoloid cell?

A
  • Only contains one copy of each chromosome
19
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A
  • Mitosis
  • Meiosis
20
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A
  • It produces haploid gametes which are not genetically identical
  • Meiosis is only used for sexual reproduction
21
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A
  • Produces genetically identical daughter cells which are diploid
  • Mitosis is used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction
22
Q

What are some differences in the processes of Mitosis and Meiosis?

A
  • Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells
  • Meiosis produces non identical daughter cells
  • Mitosis produces two cells
  • Meiosis produces four cells
  • Mitosis involves one division
  • Meiosis involves two divisions
  • Mitosis produces diploid cells
  • Meiosis produces haploid cells
23
Q

What are the differences in Mitosis and Meiosis roles?

A
  • Mitosis generates all adult cells except gametes
  • Meiosis only generates gametes
  • Mitosis occurs throught human body
  • Meiosis occurs in ovary and testis
  • Mitosis used for asexual reproduction
  • Meiosis used for sexual reproduction
24
Q

State the process of Mitosis?

A
25
Q

State the process of meiosis?

A
26
Q

What is variation?

A
  • The diffferences between individuals
27
Q

What are the two main types of variation?

A
  • Continuous: e.g height
  • Discontinuous: e.g blood group
28
Q

What can varation be caused by?

A
  • Genetic
  • Enviromental
29
Q

What causes a mutation?

A
  • Variation in genes is the result of sexual reproduction
30
Q

What are the different effects of a mutation?

A
  • Positive
  • Neutral
  • Negative
31
Q

What is a genotype?

A
  • The allele combination
32
Q

What is a phenotype?

A
  • Characteristic of the alleles produced
33
Q

What are the two stages for making proteins?

A
  • Transcription (Uses mRNA)
  • Translation (Uses tRNA)
34
Q

Why do we need transcription in protein synthesis?

A
  1. Proteins are made in the ribosomes. DNA is found in the nucleus but can’t move out cause it is really big
  2. mRNA is shorter and only a single strand
  3. It also uses uracil instead of thymine
35
Q

How does Transcription work?

A
  1. The RNA polymerase binds to a region of non-coding DNA
  2. Two DNA strands unzip and the RNA polymerase moves along one of the strands of the DNA
  3. It uses coding DNA in the gene as a template to make the mRNA. Base pairing between the DNA and RNA ensures that the mRNA is complementary to the gene
  4. mRNA mvoes out of nucleus and joins with ribosomes in cytoplasm
36
Q

How do you write GTTGTTTCCG in mRNA form?

A
  • GUUGUUUCCG
37
Q

How does Translation work?

A
  1. The mRNA strand travels through the cytoplasm then passes through ribosome.
  2. Every 3 mRNA bases line up with a complimentary 3 bases from the tRNA
  3. tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosomes according to the code
  4. A chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide.
  5. Folded into correct shape to become a protein
38
Q

What is a codon?

A
  • A sequence of 3 bases in a gene
39
Q

What is an anticodon?

A
  • It is part of the t-RNA structure and complementary to a codon for the amino acid
  • It ensures the correct order of amino acids are brought to the ribosome

5th form GCSE Bioligy (7 decks)

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