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Biology Grade 12 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

What is a deoxyribose nucleotide?

A

DNA. Which consist of a phosphate, nitrogen base and a 5 carbon sugar

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3
Q

What is a ribose nucleotide?

A

RNA. It’s the same as DNA but it has an extra OH on the 2nd sugars carbon.

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4
Q

Nitrogen bases:
C and T
A and G

A

C and T are pyrimidines= single bonds
A and G are purines= double bonds
* base pairing is C///G
* complementary is A//T

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5
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • Double helix that is formed from 2-anti-parrallel strands
  • OH bonds link nitrogen bases
  • Phosphodiester bonds join nucleotides through condensation rxn’s
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6
Q

What is RNA?

A

Single strand nucleotides
The 3 types are:
tRNA- (transfer RNA) carries amino acids
rRNA- found in ribosomes of the cytoplasm
mRNA- (messenger RNA) carries messages from DNA to ribosomes

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7
Q

Differences between RNA and DNA

A
  • DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil
  • DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded
  • DNA contains deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose
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8
Q

Nucleoside vs nucleotide

A

Nucleoside- Nitrogen base + sugar

Nucleotide- Nitrogen base + sugar + phosphate

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9
Q

DNA REPLICATION: Step 1

A

-HELICASE unzips the double helix by breaking the OH bonds between the base pairs and GYRASE relieves the tension during the unzipping process

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10
Q

DNA REPLICATION: Step 2

A

-DNA POLYMERASE 3 starts attaching nucleotides together and SSB prevent the strands from rejoining

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11
Q

DNA REPLICATION: Step 4a

A
  • PRIMASE adds RNA primer

- DNA POLYMERASE proof reads and fixes new strand

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12
Q

DNA REPLICATION: Step 4b

A
  • LAGGING STRAND is synthesized
  • DNA POLYMERASE 3 adds deoxyribonucleotides from primer to primer forming okazaki fragments
  • DNA LIGASE joins fragments by creating phosphodister bonds
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13
Q

DNA REPLICATION: Step 5

A

2 new semi conservative strands are produced

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14
Q

Discovery of DNA (the scientists)

A

Griffith- Bacterial transformation
Chargraff- The base pair rule
Avery- DNA= hereditary material of viruses
Hammerling- Hereditary info is stored in the nucleus
Wilkins + Franklin- Shape of DNA is helix
Watson + Crick- Shape of DNA is double helix
Meselson + Stahl- Theory of semi- conservative replication

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15
Q

What makes up a chromosome?

A

DNA + protein

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16
Q

Thymine, adanine, cytosine and guanine %

A

T and A = 30% (60%)
C and G = 20% (40%)
———-
100%

17
Q

Transcription

A

RNA POLYMERASE splits the 2 halves of the DNA strands then uses 1 half as a template to copy or “transcribe” the other half.
RNA = uracil instead of thymine

EXAMPLE
Template DNA-TTACG
Complementary DNA- AATGC
Messenger RNA- AAUCG

18
Q

Translation

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA) anticodons that match messenger RNA codons. Each tRNA can hold an amino acid. The amino acids are then joined together to form a polypeptide

EXAMPLE
Anticodon- AUG (mRNA)
Codon- UAC

19
Q

Gene control in prokaryotes- Lac operon

A

Lactose operon (lac operon) is the stretch of DNA that can be turned on or off to regulate production of lactose degrading enzymes

20
Q

The operon has 3 important regions which are:

A
  1. The promoter/ TATA sequence (binding site of RNA polymerase) to begin transcription
  2. Operator (binding site for repressor protein)
  3. Cluster of 3 genes:
    LacZ- codes for B-GS
    LacY- codes for B- GSP
    LacA- codes for B- GST
21
Q

MUTATIONS: Deletion

A

Base is lost

  • identical mutation= neutral
  • different mutation= harmful
22
Q

MUTATIONS: Insertion

A

Base is added

23
Q

MUTATIONS: Substitution

A

3 types:
Missense- Amino acid is switched
Silent- no change
Nonsense- Changes amino sequence to a STOP

24
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

“Molecular scissors”. These are enzymes that cut double strands into fragments or specific sequences

25
Q

What is methylase?

A

Adds a methyl group and alters chemical composition.

26
Q

What is the difference between sticky and blunt ends?

A

-Sticky ends: fragment end of a DNA molecule with short single strands that overhang.
Blunt ends: fragment ends of a DNA molecule that is perfectly base paired.

27
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY: PCR

A 
Components Polymerase Chain Reaction required:
DNA template
DNA polymerase enzyme 
Primers 
Nucleotides
Rxn bufffer
28
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY: RFLP

A

Everyone has different amounts of the genetic sequences called VNTRs or Variable Number Tandem Repeats. These VNTRs make different sized RFLP’s

29
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY: DNA fingerprinting

A
  • After DNA is isolated it is amplified with PCR.
  • The DNA is treated with restriction enzymes (DNA is cut a specific sequences) resulting in different sized fragments
  • These fragments are called RFLP’s
  • The DNA fragments can be observed when an experiment called Gel Electrophoresis is done
30
Q

BIOTECHNOLOGY: Gel electrophoresis

A

Here, DNA frags are separated out of the gel using a nylon membrane
The nylon membrane is treated causing the OH bonds in the DNA to separate the strands
The single stranded DNA is cross linked to the nylon membrane

  • Everyone has a different pattern of bands which make up ur DNA finger print
31
Q

What are the 5 components of electrophoresis?

A 
Driving force
Sample (DNA, RNA, protein)
The support (agarose etc)
Buffer
Detecting system (stain)
32
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Double stranded DNA molecules that lacks a protein coat and naturally exists in the cytoplasm in bacteria

33
Q

Plasmid cloning

A

The multiple cloning site is the region in the plasmid that has been engineered to have recognition sites of a number of endonucleases

Biology Grade 12 (5 decks)

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