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Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is a nucleotide or a mononucleotide made?

A

In a condensation reaction, joining together all the main components.

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2
Q

What happens when two mononucleotides undergo a condensation reaction?

A

A dinucleotide is formed.

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3
Q

What type of bond is between polynucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond.

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4
Q

How is a polynucleotide formed?

A

Dinucleotides joining in a condensation reaction.

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5
Q

Why can Adenine join with a Thymine?

A

They are complementary to one another.

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6
Q

What is RNA?

A

A single-stranded polynucleotide.

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7
Q

What type of pentose sugar does RNA have?

A

Ribose pentose sugar.

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8
Q

What is RNA’s role?

A

To transfer genetic info from DNA to ribosomes.

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9
Q

What contributes to the stability of DNA?

A
  • Phosphodiester backbone protects more chemically reactive organic bases in the double helix.
  • Multiple hydrogen bonds between bases create strength.
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10
Q

How does the stability of DNA help it be passed on through each generation?

A

Means it can be passed from generation to generation without changing, mutations are very rare.

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11
Q

What 3 features of DNA help it perform its function?

A
  • it’s large, so can hold a lot of information.
  • the 2 strands are joined by hydrogen bonds which can separate during DNA replication and protein synthesis.
  • base pairing allows DNA to replicate and transfer info as mRNA.
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12
Q

What the components of a nucleotide?

A

A pentose sugar,
A phosphate group,
A nitrogen-containing base, either A C G U or T

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13
Q

What are the stages of cell division and what happens in each?

A

Nuclear division - nucleus divides

Cytokinesis - continues nuclear division, process where the cell divides

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14
Q

What must have occurred before nuclear division can happen?

A

The DNA must be replicated.

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15
Q

Why must DNA be replicated?

A

To ensure daughter cells have the genetic info necessary to produce the enzymes and proteins they need.

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16
Q

What enzyme is involved in separating the two polynucleotide strands in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase

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17
Q

What happens after the double helix has unwound into 2 strands during DNA replication?

A

Each exposed polynucleotide acts as a template to which complementary base pairs bind by specific base pairing.

18
Q

What enzyme joins nucleotides together in a condensation reaction during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

19
Q

What does ATP contain?

A
  • Adenine (nitrogen-containing base)
  • Ribose (sugar molecule with a 5 carbon ring structure that acts as a backbone
  • Phosphates (a chain of 3 phosphate groups)
20
Q

what is ATP abbreviated from?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

21
Q

Why is ATP suitable for releasing energy?

A

It has unstable bonds between the phosphates, so it has a low activation energy.

22
Q

What is the general equation for the release of energy from ATP?

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi + E

23
Q

What is released from ATP other than ADP and Energy?

A

Pi, Inorganic Phosphate

24
Q

What type of reaction is ATP being converted to ADP and why?

A

Hydrolysis reaction, because water is used.

25
Q

What is the reverse of the reaction of ATP being converted to ADP known as?

A

ATP synthesis

26
Q

What enzyme is used in ATP synthesis?

A

ATP synthesase

27
Q

What type of reaction is ATP synthesis?

A

Condensation reaction

28
Q

How does ATP synthesis occur in chlorophyll?

A

By photosynthesis

29
Q

Why is ATP a better alternative for releasing energy than some fats or carbohydrates?

A

It is an immediate energy source.

30
Q

Give 3 reasons why ATP is a better immediate energy source than Glucose?

A
  • ATP produces smaller amounts of energy than glucose
  • ATP can be released in smaller, more manageable amounts
  • the hydrolysis of ATP is a single step reaction
31
Q

What energy-requiring processes in cells is ATP used for?

A
  • metabolic processes
  • movement
  • active transport
  • secretion
  • activation of molecules
32
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA containing coded info for making polypeptides and RNA.

33
Q

What is a locus?

A

A section of DNA located at a particular location.

34
Q

What does a gene code for?

A
  • the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

- RNA

35
Q

The genetic code is degenerate, what does this mean?

A

Most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet.

36
Q

What makes a stop code?

A

3 triplets.

37
Q

The genetic code is non-overlapping, what does this mean?

A

Each base is read only once.

38
Q

The genetic code is universal, what does this mean?

A

Each triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms.

39
Q

What are coding sequences called?

A

Exons

40
Q

What are non-coding sequences called?

A

Introns

41
Q

Is RNA a monomer or a polymer and what is it made from?

A

Polymer made up of nucleotides.

42
Q

What part of the DNA structure does the phosphodiester backbone protect?

A

The more chemically reactive organic bases in the double helix.

Biology (12 decks)

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