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Bio Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What occurs during expiration?

A

Passive process

  • internal intercostal muscles contract, external relax
  • ribs move down and in
  • this causes the diaphragm to relax and push against the abdomen
  • which decreases thorax volume
  • this all cause pressure to increase, forcing air out of the lungs.
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2
Q

How is the alveoli adapted to be efficient at gas exchange?

A
  • large surface area
  • surrounded by a network of capillaries
  • distance between air and red blood cells is short
  • red blood cells slow when entering the capillaries
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3
Q

What occurs during inspiration?

A

Active process

  • external intercostal muscles contract, internal relax
  • ribs move up and out increasing thorax volume
  • this causes the diaphragm to flatten
  • this all cause pressure to decrease, drawing air into the lungs.
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4
Q

What are proteins used for in the cell surface membrane?

A
  • Antigens
  • Carrier proteins
  • Channel proteins
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5
Q

What are Glycolipids used for in the cell membrane?

A
  • Recognitions sites
  • Add stability to membrane
  • Help form tissues
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6
Q

What are glycoproteins used for in the cell membrane?

A
  • Recognitions sites

- Help form tissues

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7
Q

What’s cholesterol used for in the membrane?

A
  • Reduces lateral movement of other molecules

- Prevents leakage of water and dissolved ions out of cell

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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Nuclear divison
Cytokinesis
Interphase

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9
Q

What are the two main cancer treatments?

A
  • Preventing DNA replication

- Inhibiting metaphase by preventing the production of spindle fibres

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10
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy required to bring about a reaction.

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11
Q

Active immunity

A

Resistance to disease resulting from the activities of an individual’s own immune system whereby an antigen induces plasma cells to produce antibodies.

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12
Q

Active site

A

A group of amino acids that make up the region of an enzyme that the substate binds.

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13
Q

Aerobic

A

Free of oxygen

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14
Q

Allergy

A

The response the immune system has to an allergen

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15
Q

Antibiotic

A

A substance produced by living organisms that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

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16
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

The development in microorganisms of mechanisms that prevent antibiotics from killing them

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17
Q

Antibody

A

A protein produced by lymphocytes in response to the presence of the appropriate antigen.

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18
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides on a molecule of tRNA that is complementary to a particular codon on mRNA

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19
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule that triggers an immune response by lymphocytes

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20
Q

B cell lymphocyte

A

Type of white blood cell that comes from bone marrow. They produce antibodies as part of their role in immunity.

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21
Q

Biodiversity

A

Range and variety of genes, species and habitats within a region

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22
Q

Cardiac output

A

Total volume of blood that the heart can pump each minute.

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23
Q

Carrier protein

A

Protein on the surface of the cell that helps to transport molecules and ions across plasma membranes

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24
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for 1 amino acid.

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25
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Arteries that supply blood to the cardiac muscle of the heart

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26
Q

Co-transport

A

Transport of one substance coupled with the transport of another across a plasma membrane in the same direction through the same carrier protein.

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27
Q

Countercurrent system

A

Mechanism by which the efficiency of gas exchange between surfaces is increased by having them flow in the opposite direction.

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28
Q

Crossing over

A

Process whereby a chromatid breaks during meiosis and rejoins to the chromatid of its homologous chromosome so that alleles are exchanged.

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29
Q

Cohesion

A

Attraction between molecules of the same type

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30
Q

Diastole

A

Stage of cardiac cycle where heart muscle relaxes

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31
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialised for different functions

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32
Q

Ecosystem

A

All the living and non-living components of a particular area

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33
Q

Endocarp sis

A

Inward transport of large molecules through the cell surface membrane

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34
Q

Exocytosis

A

Outward bulk transport of materials through the cell surface membrane

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35
Q

Gamete

A

Reproductive Cell that fuses with another gamete during fertilisation

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36
Q

Gene

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome coding for one or more polypeptides

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37
Q

Gene pool

A

Total number of alleles in a particular population at a specific time

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38
Q

Habitat

A

Place where an organism normally lives and which is characterised by physical conditions and the types of other organisms present.

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39
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Globular protein in blood that readily combines with oxygen to transport it around the body.

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40
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pair of chromosomes, one maternal and one parter all with the same gene loci and therefore determine the same features. Alleles of the same gene may vary.

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41
Q

Human genome

A

Totality of the DNA sequences on the chromosomes of a single human cell

42
Q

Immunity

A

Means by which the body protects itself from infection

43
Q

Intercropping

A

Practice of growing 2 or more crops in close proximity usually to produce a greater yield on a piece of land

44
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Differences between organisms of different species

45
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Differences between organisms of the same species

46
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome with DNA molecule

47
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow cavity inside a tubular structure such as the gut or a xylem vessel

48
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Types of white blood cell responsible for the immune response. They become activated in the presence of antigens, there are two types.

49
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is halved

50
Q

Mesophyll

A

Tissue found between layers of epidermis sis an plant lead comprising of an upper layer of palisade cells and a lower layer of spongy cells.

51
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical processes that occur in living organisms

52
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of nuclear division in which the daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

53
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden change in the amount of or the arrangement of the genetic material in the cell.

54
Q

Palisade cells

A

Long, narrow cells, packed with chloroplasts that are found in the upper region of a leaf and which carry out photosynthesis.

55
Q

Species

A

Group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce similar offspring

56
Q

Stomata

A

Pores, mostly found on the lower epidermis of a leaf, through which gases diffuse in and out.

57
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular DNA found in bacteria

58
Q

Systole

A

Stage in the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle contracts

59
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Fluid that surrounds the cells of the body, it’s composition is similar to that of blood plasma, except it lacks proteins. Provides nutrients to cells and removes waste products.

60
Q

Turgid

A

A plant cell that contains the maximum volume of water it can, additional entry of water is prevented by cell walls, which stop further expansion of the cell.

61
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtration assisted by blood pressure

62
Q

Water potential

A

Pressure created by water molecules, it is the measure of the extent to which a solution gives out water. The greater the number of molecules present, the higher the water potential.

63
Q

What is the biuret test?

A

Tests for proteins
Add sodium hydroxide and dilute copper (II) sulphate solution.
Positive test is purple.

64
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

Add ethanol and water to form a white emulsion.

65
Q

Role of lipids

A

Waterproofing
Sourced of energy
Insulation
Protection

66
Q

Water acts a solvent for:1

A

Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
Wastes like ammonia and urea
Inorganic ions

67
Q

Features of water

A

Transparent
Non compressible
Evaporates to cool organisms

68
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of molecules or ions in or out of a cell from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using ATP or carrier proteins.

69
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion of molecules using carrier proteins or channel proteins.

70
Q

Osmosis

A

Passage of water across a selective permeable membrane from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.

71
Q

Diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until evenly distributed.

72
Q

Explain the direct active transport of a molecule/ion across a plasma membrane.

A
  • ion/molecule binds to receptor sites on carrier protein in plasma membrane
  • ATP binds to protein from within the cell, creating ADP and Pi, causing the shape of the protein to change shape
  • ion/molecule released into cell
  • phosphate released from protein, to form ATP later during respiration, protein reverts to original shape.
73
Q

Explain co-transport

A
  • sodium ions are actively transported into the blood by the sodium-potassium pump, using carrier proteins.
  • there’s a higher concentration of sodium ions in the lumen of the intestine than the epithelial cells so sodium ions diffuse across, down the concentration gradient, using carrier proteins
  • now the ions contain glucose molecules which it takes into the blood.
74
Q

Transcription

A

Making pre-mRNA using part of the DNA as a template.

75
Q

What occurs during transcription?

A
  • Enzyme separates strands on DNA in a region
  • Base on template strand pairs w/ complementary base from pool in nucleus
  • RNA polymerase joins the bases together to form pre-mRNA
  • DNA is rebuilt as pre-mRNA is built
  • DNA detaches upon stop codon
76
Q

Why does splicing occur?

A

Pre-mRNA is too large to leave the nucleus

77
Q

Explain the process of translation.

A
  • Ribosome attaches to codon on mRNA
  • tRNA w/ complementary anticodon comes and attaches to codon on mRNA
  • next anticodon attaches to next codon, each anticodon carrying a specific amino acid which is bonded together to form a peptide bond
  • tRNA returns to get more amino acids, stop codon causes polypeptide to detach.
78
Q

When is directional selection more likely to occur?

A

When environmental conditions change.

79
Q

When is stabilising selection more like to occur?

A

When environmental conditions remain the same

80
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Between atrium and ventricle

81
Q

Semi lunar

A

Between atrium and pulmonary artery

82
Q

How do insects limit water loss

A

Spiracles
Waterproofing
Small SA:V ratio

83
Q

How do plants limits water loss

A

Waxy cuticles
Hairy leaves
Stomata

84
Q

What are the two structures of gills?

A

Gill filaments

Gill lamellae

85
Q

How do gases move in and out of insects

A

Mass transport

Along a concentration gradient

86
Q

Xylem

A

Plant tissue which transports water and miners ions from the roots, up the stem to the leaves. Consists of vessels make of lignin. Provides a mass flow system for transport.

87
Q

Zygote

A

A fused male and female gamete, by fertilisation.

Contains two sets of chromosomes, paternal.

88
Q

White blood cell

A

Found in the lymphatic system and blood. Exist in many forms, posses a nucleus and cytoplasm.

89
Q

Virus

A

Extremely small particle, only capable of replicating once inside a living cell.
Consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
Classified as non-living.

90
Q

Vesicle

A

Small sac in cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane.

E.g. Golgi apparatus

91
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Type of tissue found in plant, consists of xylem and phloem.

92
Q

Vein

A

Blood vessel which returns blood from the capillaries to the heart. Usually contain deoxygenated blood in mammals, except for the pulmonary vein.
Found in leaves in plants.

93
Q

Uracil

A

Nucleotide base found in RNA. Pairs with an adenine-containing nucleotide on DNA during transcription.
Replaced by thymine in DNA.

94
Q

Triplet code

A

Information on DNA and mRNA is carried by sequences of three neighbouring bases.

95
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from plant leaves through the stomata.

96
Q

Translation

A

Process which occurs in a ribosome, where amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide. In protein synthesis, the process of transcription results in the formation of mRNA. This leaves the nucleus and becomes attached to the ribosome where translation occurs.

97
Q

Transcription

A

RNA polymerase and proteins bind w/ DNA when a gene is switched on, this produced mRNA (first stage in protein synthesis). A DNA unwinds, a template strand is used to produce an mRNA molecule by complementary base-pairing.

98
Q

Trachea

A

Tube leading to the lungs, before bronchi.

99
Q

tRNA

A

Type of RNA used in assembling amino acids into the correct sequence during translation.

100
Q

During the cell cycle, what is the DNA called after being replicated?

A

Chromatids

Biology (12 decks)

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