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Midterm #2 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Transcription is

A

DNA to RNA

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2
Q

Translation is

A

RNA to protein

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3
Q

Codon is

A

A series of 3 bases and is coding for an amino acid

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4
Q

Each codon is

A

1 amino acid

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5
Q

DNA sugar is

A

Sugar (deoxyribose)- phosphate backbone

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6
Q

What are the DNA nitrogenous bases?

A

A T C G

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7
Q

What kind of strand is DNA?

A

Double stranded helix

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8
Q

DNA complementary strands are

A

Antiparallel

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9
Q

Is DNA supercoiled?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What kind of sugar does RNA have?

A

Sugar (ribose)- phosphate backbone

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11
Q

What nitrogenous bases does RNA have?

A

A U G C

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12
Q

Is RNA double stranded?

A

No. Single stranded

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13
Q

Is RNA transient in the cell?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are the RNA subtypes?

A

mRNA rRNA tRNA

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15
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

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16
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA

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17
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer RNA

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18
Q

What is the definition of tRNA?

A

Transferring amino acids in the protein making.

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19
Q

What is the binary fission of replication?

A

The mother copying DNA

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20
Q

What does replication need to start?

A

Origin of replication

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21
Q

Is replication bidirectional?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What process is semiconservative?

A

Replication

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23
Q

What is the definition of semiconservative?

A

The DNA you get out of the replication process has one new strand but conserved one strand.

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24
Q

Does replication need an RNA primer?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Lays down the complimentary translations, proofreads the strand, and gets rid of RNA primers

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26
Q

What growth does replication go by?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

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27
Q

How many RNA primers does the leading strand need in replication?

A

One

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28
Q

Which strand of replication can replicate continuously?

A

The leading strand

29
Q

Which strand of replication does not replicate continuously?

A

The lagging strand

30
Q

How many RNA primers does the lagging strand need?

A

Many

31
Q

What is gyrase?

A

The untwisting of the DNA

32
Q

What is helicase?

A

Unwinding the helix

33
Q

What is polymerase?

A

Lays down the basis; DNA builder

34
Q

What is ligase?

A

Ligating the hole/gap

35
Q

Is transcription is bidirectional?

A

No. Unidirectional

36
Q

Can both DNA strands be a template for RNA?

A

Yes

37
Q

Describe transcription

A

RNA polymerase recognizes DNA promoter sequence, melts a short piece of DNA and adds nucleotides.

38
Q

What growth does transcription use?

A

5 prime to 3 prime

39
Q

Where does transcription end?

A

DNA terminator sequence

40
Q

Where does transcription start?

A

Promoter sequence

41
Q

mRNA have 3 letter codons that code for

A

Amino acid, start and stop

42
Q

What is Degeneracy?

A

61 codons for 20 amino acids

43
Q

What’s is the anticodons job on tRNA in translation?

A

Meet the codon that’s complimentary to it.

44
Q

What does translation need?

A

mRNA, ribosome(70S), tRNAs with amino acids

45
Q

What does the acceptor do for translation?

A

Accept tRNA with amino acids

46
Q

What does the pepidyl do for translation?

A

Linking amino acids with peptide bonds

47
Q

What does the exit do for translation?

A

A way for it to exit

48
Q

What is the effect of point mutations?

A

It may or may not change the protein in some way

49
Q

What is the definition of point mutations?

A

Mutation of one base

50
Q

In translation, what cell has an mRNA that’s can be polycistronic?

A

Prokaryotes

51
Q

In translation, what cell has an mRNA that’s can be monocistronic?

A

Eukaryotes

52
Q

What is the definition of polycistronic?

A

Where one mRNA can contain information about more than one gene

53
Q

What is the definition of monocistronic?

A

Where one mRNA contains information about one gene

54
Q

What ribosome do prokaryotes have in translation?

A

70S (30S+50S)

55
Q

How many ribosomes can prokaryotes have in translation?

A

One or more

56
Q

Replication is

A

DNA to DNA

57
Q

What ribosome do eukaryotes have in translation?

A

80S (40S+60S)

58
Q

Do all genes for cell functioning need to be turned on at all times?

A

No because that would be a waste of cellular energy.

59
Q

What is an operon?

A

Genes controlled by an operator

60
Q

Is an operon pre or post transcriptional control?

A

Pre transcriptional control

61
Q

What is a lac operon?

A

An inductive operon that makes enzymes to break lactose down when lactose is present

62
Q

What is a trp operon?

A

A repressive operon that makes enzymes to synthesize trytophan

63
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Binding of epigenetic factors to DNA or RNA to activate or repress genes

64
Q

Is RNA interference pre or post transcriptional control?

A

Post transcriptional control

65
Q

What is miRNA?

A

MicroRNA

66
Q

What does microRNA do?

A

Regulates cell activities

67
Q

What is siRNA?

A

Short interfering RNA

68
Q

What does siRNA do?

A

Viral and cellular control

Midterm #2 (5 decks)

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