Biotechnology

Question 1

Define biotechnology

Answer 1

Use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to produce useful products and solve practical problems

Question 2

Name some examples of biotechnology

Answer 2

Identification technologies and DNA cloning

Question 3

Describe DNA sequencing

Answer 3

Determining the sequence of bases in a whole genome

Question 4

Describe DNA probes

Answer 4

Short ,labeled single strand of bases used to detect a complementary sequence of DNA
You look for the fluorescence in the sample using the fluorescent microscope to view if it’s positive or negative

Question 5

Is colony blotting used in identification technologies

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What is FISH

Answer 6

Fluorescence in situ hybridization

Question 7

Describe the process of FISH

Answer 7

Treat the cells with a chemical. Opens membranes to allow probes to enter. Probe sneaks in to entact cells. Put florescence finds the DNA binds and then you can look for it with the microscope

Question 8

What can DNA microarrays do

Answer 8

Detect many genes at one time

Question 9

Describe the process of microarrays

Answer 9

You start with the chip add holes with the DNA probe looking for something. The chip is already embedded within the spots. Have to add DNA that has fluorescent label on it. Wash the unknown with the probe. One sample goes through the probe you put it through the computer to read the colors

Question 10

Describe DNA fingerprinting

Answer 10

Isolation and visualization of DNA sequences to help identify an unknown

Question 11

Describe restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)

Answer 11

It’s the creation of fragments of different lengths using restriction enzymes

Question 12

What do restriction enzymes do

Answer 12

Cut DNA at specific 4-6 base pair sequences

Question 13

Describe gel electrophoresis

Answer 13

Visualize fragments using gel electrophoresis. The DNA gel is stained with ethidium bromide, a dye that fluoresces under the UV light
If it’s a short fragment it’s going to go fast and long fragments is the opposite that’s how they’re separated

Question 14

What is the size standard used for

Answer 14

A control (molecular weight ladder)

Question 15

Describe the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)

Answer 15

The amplification of a DNA sequence using specific primers and the thermal cycler to replicate DNA.
It’s used to visualize amplified DNA on a gel.
The band is thick because they’re all the same size

Question 16

What is DNA cloning

Answer 16

The procedure in which a gene of interest is extracted and inserted into another cell where he can be expressed and replicated

Question 17

What does DNA cloning involve

Answer 17

Recombinant DNA(rDNA), genetic engineering

Question 18

What is rDNA

Answer 18

DNA formed from joining DNA from two sources

Question 19

What is genetic engineering

Answer 19

When you alter an organism by changing its DNA

Question 20

Name the steps for DNA cloning

Answer 20

1) obtain DNA
2) Cut DNA at restriction sites
3) insert gene of interest into vector
4) insert vector into hosting cell(mass Producer)
5) collect product

Question 21

What happens in step one of DNA cloning

Answer 21

Lyse source cell with gene of interest and collect DNA

Question 22

Describe step two of DNA cloning

Answer 22

Restriction enzymes create multiple fragments of variable length with sticky ends

Question 23

Describe step three of DNA cloning

Answer 23

Vectors: plasmids, phages

Cut vector open with same restriction enzyme

Question 24

Describe step four of DNA cloning

Answer 24

Hosts: E. coli, bacillus subtilius

Methods: artificial transformation(plasmids) - heat shock and electroporation
Artificial transduction(phages)

Culture bacteria

Question 25

Describe step five of DNA cloning

Answer 25

Protein

• lyse cells and purify protein
• collect and purify secreted proteins from cells

Gene
-lyse cells and collect gene of interest

Question 26

What are variations of DNA cloning

Answer 26

Eukaryotic genes into prokaryotic hosts

-create cDNA from mRNA

Question 27

Describe the ways that genes are put into eukaryotic hosts

Answer 27

Host cells grown in culture

DNA insertion methods

Question 28

Name the DNA insertion methods

Answer 28

Artificial transformation
Viral or bacterial-mediated gene delivery
Gene gun (plant cells)
Microinjection (animal cells)

Question 29

What are transgenic organisms

Answer 29

Organism has foreign DNA present in every cell

Also called genetically modified organisms(gMO’s)

Question 30

What are four ways that animal viruses can interact with host cells

Answer 30

Acute ,chronic ,transformation, Latent reverse transcription and special Enzyme