Dna Flashcards
1
Q
Flow/Process of Central Dogma
A
DNA - RNA - Protein
2
Q
explain the flow of genetic information within a biological system
A
Central Dogma
3
Q
large complex molecules that play critical roles in the body
works in cells
required for structure, function, regulation of body’s tissues and organs
A
Proteins
4
Q
Smaller units that make up proteins
A
Amino acids
5
Q
How many different types of amino acids can be combined to make a protein?
A
20
6
Q
How are amino acids coded?
A
Combinations of 3 DNA building blocks (nucleotides) determined by the sequence of genes
7
Q
What links amino acids to form proteins?
A
Peptide bonds
8
Q
control movement of molecules in and out of the cell
A
channels in membranes
(Transferrin)
9
Q
making up hair or muscle in animals
A
Structural molecules
(Keratin)
10
Q
To regulate the activity of cells
A
Hormones
(Growth hormone)
11
Q
In the immune system
A
Antibodies
(Immunoglobin G)
12
Q
Acts as catalysts in biological systems
A
Enzymes
(Phenylalanine hydroxylase)
13
Q
Two strands coiled in DNA is in what shape
A
Double helix
14
Q
Sides of the DNA structure is made up of
A
Pentose sugar - Deoxyribose sugar
15
Q
What bonds deoxyribose sugar to phosphate groups?
A
Phosphodiester bonds
16
Q
What makes up the center of DNA structure?
A
Nitrogen bases
17
Q
What bonds nitrogen bases?
A
Weak hydrogen bonds
18
Q
Subunits of DNA
A
Nucleotides
19
Q
Components that make up nucleotides
A
Phospate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous bases
20
Q
Double ring nitrogenous bases are called
A
Purines
21
Q
Single ring nitrogenous bases are called
A
Pyrimidines
22
Q
Double ring nitrogenous bases
A
Guanine
Adenine
23
Q
Single ring nitrogenous bases
A
Thymine
Cytosine
24
Q
Base pairing of nitrogenous bases
A
Purines only pair with pyrimidines
25
How many hydrogen bonds are required to bond Guanine and Cytosine?
3 hydrogen bonds
26
How many hydrogen bonds are required to bond Adenine and Thymine?
2 hydrogen bonds
27
Structure of nucleotides in DNA backbone
Bond from phosphate to sugar between 3' & 5' carbons
28
What bonds pentose sugar to phosphate groups?
Covalent phosphodiester bonds
29
How many strand is in RNA molecule?
Single strand
30
Nitrogenous base in RNA that is not in DNA
Uracil
31
Nitrogenous base in RNA that is not in DNA
Uracil
32
Three types of RNA
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
33
Functions of mRNA
copies DNA's code
carries genetic information to the ribosomes
34
Functions of rRNA
along with protein, makes up the ribosomes
binds mRNA and tRNA to ensure that codons are translated correctly
35
Functions of tRNA
transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
36
DNA
Nuclear DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Chloroplast DNA
37
Difference between location of DNA and RNA
Nuclear DNA never leaves the nucleus
RNA is assembled in nucleus then moves to cytoplasm (leaves the nucleus)
38
What do you call amino acid chains?
Polypeptides
39
What designates an amino acid?
Codon
40
True or False
An amino acid contains one codon.
False
An amino acid may have more than one codon
41
How many codons can make up amino acids?
64 possible codons
42
Functions of some codons
Tell the ribosome to stop translating
43
Which code is to be read from center to the outside to determine amino acids?
The genetic code
44
Relation of Codon and Anticodon
3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon
45
Two processes in protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
46
What is transcription?
Process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA (template strand)
47
What is translation?
Process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
48
Protein synthesis process
DNA's code must be copied and taken to the cytosol
In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides
49
True or False
In eukaryotes, DNA replication begins at the nucleus along the giant DNA molecule of each gene.
False
DNA replication begins at many sites along the giant DNA molecule of each chromosome
50
Replication: 1st step
Helicase enzyme - unwind DNA
• unwinds part of DNA helix
• stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins (so it doesn't close)
DNA gyrase
- enzyme that prevents tangling upstream from replication fork
51
enzyme that prevents tangling upstream from replication fork
DNA gyrase
52
Replication: 2nd step
RNA primase
- adds a small section of RNA (RNA primer) to the 3' end of template DNA
(DNA polymerase 3 (enzyme that builds new DNA strand) can only add nucleotides to existing strands of DNA)
53
Replication: 3rd step
Build daughter DNA strand
- add new complementary bases
- with help of enzyme (DNA polymerase III)
54
What happens during transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unzips its strands
RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA
Specific base sequences act as signals to stop
mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to cytoplasm then ribosome
55
What happens during translation?
Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins
A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds
56
Clover-leaf shape
Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid
Opposite ends has three nucleotide bases called anticodon
tRNA
57
Process of protein synthesis
Initiation - Elongation - Termination
58
Ribosome binds mRNA at start codon
Initiation
59
Polypeptide chain elongates by successively adding amino acids
Elongation
60
When a stop codon is encountered, polypeptide is released and ribosome dissociates
Termination
61
a permanent change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, extra chromosomal DNA or other genetic elements
Mutation
62
Gamete cells that will pass on mutations
Sperm and eggs
63
mutation causing replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA
One base pair is replaced by another
Point mutation or substitution
64
If a substitution changes the amino acid
Missense mutation
65
If a substitution does not change the amino acid
Silent mutation
66
If a substitution changes the amino acide to a 'stop'
Nonsense mutation/ premature stop
67
One or more base pairs is added to a sequence
Insertion
68
One or more base pairs is lost from a sequence
Deletion
69
carries and transports genetic material (DNA) from the male and fertilizes the egg
Sperm
70
produces sperms and testosterone which plays a key role in male reproductive functions
Testis
71
These glands produce fluid that nourishes sperms and helps it travel.
Prostate gland and seminal vesicles
72
transports sperm from the testes to the urethra
If these were damaged or blocked, sperm would not reach the urethra
Vas deferens
73
is where sperm mature before being transported
Epididymis
74
carry both semen and urine but not at the same time
(carries both fluids but not simultaneously)
Urethra
75
sperm production
spermatogenesis
76
hormone that regulate sperm production and ensure the proper functioning of the male reproductive system
testoterone
77
this function is not controlled by male hormones
growth of deposited sperm cells (inside the female reproductive system)
78
Where does the sperm depend on when it comes to survival and ability to fertilize an egg?
conditions in the female reproductive system
79
are transported through the bloodstream to target organs
Hormones
80
produces ova (eggs) and secretes hormones like estrogen and progesterone
Ovary
81
delivers nutrients to the embryo
placenta
82
Function of estrogen and progesterone
regulate menstrual cycle and secondary sex characteristics
(not blood sugar)
83
How many immature eggs are inside the ovaries of a female when she is born?
millions
84
usual site of fertilization
Fallopian tube
85
is influenced by estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, to prepare for implantation and maintain pregnancy
Uterus
86
result of the female body preparing for pregnancy
menstrual cycle
87
phases of the menstrual cycle
Menstrual - Follicular - Ovulation - Luteal
88
(1-5 days)
is a monthly occurrence and happens when sperm does not fertilize the egg
only the functional layer of the endometrium is shed with the basal layer remaining intact
Menstruation
89
(6-13 days)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) surges right before ovulation, triggering the release of egg from the ovary
Follicular phase
90
(Day 14)
A woman is fertile during this period only. The egg is released by the ovary.
Ovulation
91
(15-28 days)
after ovulation, the corpus luteum produces produces progesterone which is at its highest which maintains the thickened uterine lining
The released egg travels down the fallopian tube.
Luteal phase
92
what happens to the uterine lining as it prepares for potential pregnancy?
endometrium thickens
93
is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes
Homeostasis
94
Example of Homeostasis
when the body temperature gets too high, the body responds by sweating to cool down
95
positive or negative feedback
Childbirth
positive
96
positive or negative feedback
lactation
positive
97
positive or negative feedback
Ovulation
positive
98
positive or negative feedback
Menstruation
negative
99
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
100
Nitrogenous bases in DNA
Thymine - Adenine
Guanine - Cytosine
101
structure of DNA and RNA
DNA is double-stranded (forms a double helix)
RNA is single-stranded
102
sugar of DNA and RNA
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar
RNA contains ribose sugar (which has one more oxygen atom)
103
RNA nitrogenous bases
Adenine - Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine
104
Function of DNA and RNA
DNA stores and transmits genetic information
RNA plays a role in protein synthesis and gene expression
105
approximately how long does it take the uterus lining to build up again after menstruation
Day 6-14
106
The endometrium would be at its thickest and the largest quantities of progesterone would occur _________
after ovulation
107
LH is at its highest levels during _______
before ovulation
108
other term for follicular phase
pre-ovulatory phase
109
other terms of luteal phase
secretory phase
or
post-ovulatory phase
110
Which hormone is responsible for
continuous thickening of endometrium after ovulation
progesterone
111
Which hormone is responsible for
causing breast enlargement in females
estrogen
112
Which hormone is responsible for
stimulating mature sperm production
testosterone
113
Which hormone is responsible for
stimulating production of testosterone
LH
114
Which hormone is responsible for
causing change in male voice and muscle mass
testosterone
115
Which hormone is responsible for
stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen
FSH
116
Which hormone is responsible for
controlling the activity of uterus lining
Progesterone
117
Which hormone is responsible for
regulating sex drive among males
testosterone
118
Which hormone is responsible for
preparing and maintaining the uterus during pregnancy
progesterone
119
Which hormone is responsible for
production of progesterone
LH
120
a hormone that stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy
hCG
(human chorionic gonadotropin)
121
Lifespan of sperm
3-5 days
122
Lifespan of ova
12-24 hours
123
True or False
Fertilization is highly possible when the female is at the start of her menstrual cycle
True
124
small sacs in the ovary that contain immature egg cells
Follicles
125
True or False
Ovaries discharge ovum alternately between the two ovaries
True
126
simplest form of birth control
abstinence
127
characteristics of progesterone
secreted after ovulation
helps thicken uterine lining
maintain endometrium
128
a hollow pear-shaped organ where a zygote develops
Uterus
129
What hormone causes the follicle to release a mature egg cell?
LH
130
stop production of egg in the ovary
menopause
131
the menstrual cycle is triggered each month by _______
hormones
132
an egg that has been fertilized by a sperm is called
zygote
133
cells in seminiferous tubules that support, nourish, and regulate the spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells
134
stimulates uterine proliferation
estrogen
135
sac in which testes are suspended, hang underneath the penis outside the male's body
scrotum
136
largest part of the human brain
cerebrum
137
what happened in synapse?
neurotransmitter molecules travel across the axon terminals and dendrites of another neuron
138
responsible for voluntary activities that are under conscious control
somatic nervous system
139
heartbeat, breathing, and temperature regulation are ______
autonomic functions
140
neurons transmit electrical signals called
nerve impulses
141
neurons consists of
cell body
dendrites
axon
142
protects brain from injuries
skull
143
part of brain responsible for balance
cerebellum
144
extend from the cell body and send nerve impulses to other neurons
axon terminal
145
divisions of peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system
and
autonomic nervous system
146
carry nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Motor neurons
147
responsible for involuntary actions
brain stem
148
structural and functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
149
a long extension of the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other cells
axon
150
part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other cell organelles
cell body
151
a cable-like bundle of axons
nerve
152
molecules that travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the membrane of the other cell
neurotransmitter
153
includes the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
154
extends from the cell body and receives nerve impulses from other neurons
dendrite
155
structure at the end of an axon that produces neurotransmitters to transmit nerve impulses
axon terminal
156
carry nerve impulses back and forth between sensory and motor neurons
interneuron
157
tiny space and the place where an axon terminal meets another dendrites of the nerve cell
synapse
158
carry nerve impulses from tissues and organs to the spinal cord and brain
sensory neuron
159
consists of all nervous tissue that lies outside the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
160
acts like a layer of insulation
myelin sheath
161
cells that produce testosterone
Leydig cells
162
stops the synthesis and release of FSH in the pituitary gland and reduces the hypothalamic LH - releasing hormone content
inhibin
