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bilogoy 12 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

A-T, A-U, G-C

This refers to the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids.

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2
Q

What types of bonds are found within a DNA molecule?

A

Covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

Covalent bonds link the sugar and phosphate backbone, while hydrogen bonds connect the base pairs.

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3
Q

What is the process of DNA replication?

A

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself prior to cell division

Involves unwinding the double helix, complementary base pairing, and synthesizing new strands.

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4
Q

What are the main differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is single-stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine, and has ribose sugar; DNA is double-stranded and has deoxyribose sugar

These differences impact their functions in the cell.

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5
Q

What are the two main processes of gene expression?

A

Transcription and Translation

Transcription converts DNA to mRNA, while translation synthesizes proteins from mRNA.

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6
Q

What is the outcome of transcribing a section of DNA into mRNA?

A

The creation of a complementary RNA strand

The mRNA sequence is complementary to the DNA template strand.

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7
Q

What are the functions of mRNA and tRNA?

A

mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes; tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

Both play crucial roles in translating genetic code into proteins.

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8
Q

How many nucleotides are required to produce a protein with a certain number of amino acids?

A

Three nucleotides per amino acid

Therefore, for n amino acids, 3n nucleotides are needed.

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9
Q

What is the relationship between a DNA triplet, mRNA codon, and tRNA anti-codon?

A

DNA triplet transcribes to mRNA codon and translates to tRNA anti-codon

This illustrates the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein.

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10
Q

Given a DNA sequence, how do you determine the resulting amino acid sequence?

A

Translate each mRNA codon into its corresponding amino acid

This requires knowledge of the genetic code.

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11
Q

What are the five main questions regarding mutations?

A

Types, causes, effects, repair mechanisms, and implications for evolution

Understanding these aspects is crucial for genetics and molecular biology.

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12
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA that has been artificially formed by combining constituents from different organisms

This technique is widely used in genetic engineering.

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13
Q

What does metastasis refer to?

A

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body

This is a key factor in cancer progression and severity.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of cancer cells?

A

Uncontrolled growth, invasion of surrounding tissues, and ability to metastasize

These traits distinguish cancer cells from normal cells.

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15
Q

What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase

These enzymes play critical roles in unwinding, synthesizing, and joining DNA strands.

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16
Q

If a chromosome has a certain percentage of guanine, what percentage of adenine does it have?

A

The percentage of adenine equals the percentage of thymine, which is equal to the percentage of cytosine

This follows Chargaff’s rules of base pairing.

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17
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

A gene-editing technology that allows for precise alterations in DNA sequences

CRISPR is based on a natural defense mechanism found in bacteria.

18
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase?

A

To unwind the DNA double helix during replication

This is the first step in preparing the DNA for copying.

19
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

To synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to a growing chain

It also has proofreading abilities to ensure accuracy.

20
Q

What is the significance of transcription factors?

A

Proteins that help regulate the transcription of specific genes

They play a crucial role in cell differentiation and response to signals.

21
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

The set of rules by which information encoded in mRNA is translated into proteins

It consists of codons, each corresponding to an amino acid.

22
Q

What are codons?

A

Three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids

Codons are crucial for translating genetic information into proteins.

23
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

Three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA that pairs with a complementary mRNA codon

This ensures the correct amino acid is added during translation.

24
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

This codon signals the beginning of translation and codes for methionine.

25
Q

What role does ribosomal RNA (rRNA) play?

A

It forms the core of the ribosome’s structure and catalyzes protein synthesis

rRNA is essential for translating mRNA into a polypeptide chain.

26
Q

What is the purpose of splicing in mRNA processing?

A

To remove introns and join exons together

This process creates a mature mRNA molecule ready for translation.

27
Q

What are the potential consequences of mutations?

A

Altered protein function, disease, or no effect

Some mutations can lead to beneficial adaptations, while others can cause disorders.

28
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence

These mutations occur due to the redundancy of the genetic code.

29
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

A mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein

This can affect protein function depending on the properties of the amino acid.

30
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

A mutation that creates a premature stop codon in the protein sequence

This typically leads to nonfunctional proteins.

31
Q

What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?

A

To join Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Ligase is essential for creating a continuous DNA strand.

32
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA → RNA → Protein

This summarizes the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

33
Q

What are the three sites of the ribosome during translation?

A

A site (aminoacyl), P site (peptidyl), and E site (exit)

These sites facilitate the addition of amino acids and the release of tRNA.

34
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

A technique that modifies a gene to treat or prevent disease

This can involve replacing, inactivating, or introducing genes into cells.

35
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences

They are essential tools in molecular cloning and genetic engineering.

36
Q

What is the role of the promoter in gene expression?

A

To initiate transcription of a gene

The promoter is a specific DNA sequence recognized by RNA polymerase.

37
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that alters the reading frame of the genetic code

This can lead to completely different and often nonfunctional proteins.

38
Q

What is the significance of genetic diversity?

A

It allows populations to adapt to changing environments and contributes to evolution

Genetic diversity is crucial for the survival of species.

39
Q

What is a genetic marker?

A

A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species

Genetic markers are useful in genetic mapping and studies of inheritance.

40
Q

What is the function of transcription in protein synthesis?

A

To create an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

This is the first step in the process of translating genetic information into proteins.

41
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Cancers release growth factor to neighbouring blood vessel to branch into the cancer

bilogoy 12 (8 decks)

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